Drill Manual "Building Construction" Flashcards
What are the two types of foundations?
raised
concrete slab
Beams in a panelized roof is what size?
Spacing?
pg. 26
Size = 6” X 36”
Spacing = 12’ - 40’ apart
*may be bolted together to make 100’
What are the two types wood - framed walls?
ballon wall
platform wall
The horizontal member below a window?
Sill
Masonry uses:
walls of buildings
retaining walls
monuments
Two types of ceilings?
Conventional
Suspended
What’s the two most common materials used for exterior walls in commercial buildings in San Diego?
Concrete
Masonry
Metal Roof
- strongest part of the roof?
at the bottom of the panels, where the battens are located
OSB:
- newer type of paneling
- cheaper
- wood chips, flakes, sawdust glued together and pressed
A load that was not anticipated or planned for when the building was constructed?
undesigned load
Where’s the strongest part of a truss?
where the truss crosses or ties into the exterior wall
Deformation:
When a material does not return to the original shape?
Yielding
Concern with stone on buildings?
It’s heavy
The hazard of parging to firefighters is that it can____________________________that can compromise the buildings structural integrity.
hide cracks or other imperfections
What trussed arch will hold up well under fire conditions? pg. 25
ribbed arch truss
A series of wood beams placed perpendicular to other beams or trusses to support large area roofs and decking?
purlin
A load that passes through the center of mass of the supporting element and is perpendicular to the cross section?
Axial Loading
Does concrete perform well under tension? pg. 10
NO
Thin piles of wood, glued together to form wood panels; 4 X 8’ sheets?
PLYWOOD
Whats the weakest link when it comes to masonry construction?
The mortar
These walls support and separate two adjacent structures and may be either load bearing or non-load bearing. Usually found in an apt or condo. pg.17
Party Wall
Problems with Veneer Walls? pg.17
caution should be used around veneer walls because they can often be very heavy and are typically tied every 16’
Beams in a panelized roof is what size? Spacing?
size = 6” X 36”
Spacing = 12’ - 40’ apart
- may be bolted together to make 100’
Joist size / Installed
2” X 4” X 8 feet; installed every 2’
Any structural component that transmits a compressive force or axial load? They may stand alone or be integrated into a wall to support beams or any vertical load?
columns
Why is pre/post tensioned concrete dangerous? pg. 10
the energy involved; compressive forces if it fails
This wall is one that supports the weight of the roof or any floors located above the wall to the foundation?
load bearing
Forces:
Causes the shortening of a material?
Compression
A load that is parallel to the cross section of the supporting member and does not pass through the long axis. Twisting is a result from this type of load?
Torsion Loading
Where do we see steel used in construction a lot ?
Stadiums
Skyscrapers
Bridges
Airports
This an exterior, non-load bearing wall more than one story in height. Commonly found on high-rise and commercial structure in the form of large glass panels?
Curtain wall
When did the raised foundations come into play?
Prior to 1950
Examples of Live Loads?
people, furniture, materials
Indications of a metal roof?
- oversized metal trim; of 4’ X 6’ found on the fascia boards and the end caps.
- will not break when you strike it.
An HVAC on a roof is what type of load?
Concentrated load
Components of a truss?
Top Chord
Bottom Chord
Web
Gusset Plates
What’s concrete greatest attributes? pg.10
withstands extremely high compression stress and weight
As a result of these loads, weight is transferred to other structural members as the structure reacts to the load placed upon it?
Imposition of loads
A steel beam will expand ____ of it’s length for every ______ degrees of heat?
expand 1%
*for every 1000 degrees applied
Veneer Walls
Problems:
caution should be used around veneer walls because they can often be very heavy and are typically tied every 16”
When a material displays large amounts of deformation before failure?
Ductile
Type IV Building
Heavy Timber
When a material returns to the original shape?
elastic
Metal Roof
Hazards:
Rapid & undetected fire spread under the new roof
Clues a structure may have a basement?
windows at street level
descending staircases
Forces:
Causes a material to tear or slide apart?
Shear
What happens to an object when enough stress has been placed on it?
Deformation will occur
What material performs better under fire conditions?
Concrete
__________________ are commonly found in newer commercial and concrete tilt- up construction.
Parallel Trusses
Size of a Purlin? pg. 27
4” X 12”
The oldest material known to man?
Stone
Fire Walls:
Characteristics?
- identified by the parapets
- divides a building into separate areas
What does masonry do under fire conditions? pg.10
expands / fails
A load in motion caused by vibration, impact or acceleration?
Impact load
A beam that supports other beams?
Girder
What’s the most economical, versatile, and widely used construction material in use today?
concrete
Tile Roofs
Hazards:
- stability & signs of roof integrity are masked
- slippery when wet
- roof could fail quickly
How can you determine approx. how tall a parapet wall is?
scupper holes
A load that is perpendicular to the cross section of the supporting element and does not pass through the center of mass
Eccentric Loading
How far apart are the studs in residential homes?
12, 16, and 24 inches
A bottom horizontal member of a wall?
sole plate
When vertically ventilating what’s critical about a Truss?
don’t cut the top chord it will fail
Building materials commonly used:
Stone Masonry Concrete Steel Wood
________________ are most commonly known as “drop down” ceilings.
Suspended ceilings
Purlins run which way? pg. 26
Perpendicular to the beams
A beam that spans an opening over a doorway or window. Also, referred to as a “header”?
Lintel
________ and _________ provide very little structural integrity to a building.
Doors and windows
This structural element that transfers loads perpendicular to it’s length and is a KEY ELEMENT in roof construction?
BEAM
Combination of steel and concrete is called?
steel - reinforced concrete
Type I Building Construction
Fire Resistive
Bowstring Construction
Hazards:
Failure of the metal tie rods and turnbuckles due to fire or heat
Concrete walls are generally found in what type of buildings? pg. 15
Low-rise commercial
A horizontal member of a wall?
Header
What would be the cause of failure in a Ribbed Arch Truss?
metal fasteners and other components
Roofs covered with plywood or OSB will fail faster than those roofs covered in what? pg. 25
1 X 6 sheathing
Lightweight concrete roofs - Hazards
Hard to ventilate
Where are plenum’s usually found?
commercial building offices (drop down ceilings)
What’s the danger with suspended ceilings?
the metal wires suspending the ceiling tiles will fail to maintain their integrity and drop down
Whats the first structural member that usually fails in a fire?
Roofs
What are the (5) types of construction?
Type I - Fire Resistive Type II - Non-Combustible/Limited Combustible Type III - Ordinary Construction Type IV - Heavy Timber Type V - Wood Frame Construction
Wooden “I” Joist constructed?
Top Chord
Bottom Chord
3/8” plywood or OSB stem
A load that is applied to a small or specific area?
concentrated load
Wood shingles are usually attached to what?
1” X 6” skip sheeting
A load that has been calculated or anticipated by the architect or building engineer?
design load
The heat generated by all the structural components of a building and its contents when it’s burning?
Fire Load
Vertical studs that are found below a sill or above a header? pg. 15
Cripples
New technologies have led to new composite building materials. These new materials have increased
the hazards of fire fighting in various ways; lowering flash points, creating toxic gases and failing quickly when exposed to heat
Hazards associated with “tilt-up” construction?
If you are fighting a fire in a building with tilt-up construction and the roof collapses or fails, the walls will become very unstable and have a high likelihood of falling over
When a material shows little or no deformation before failure?
Brittle
What is Type II Building? pg. 32
non-combustible / limited combustible
Why is OSB and plywood dangerous?
- high glue, paraffin and wood flake content
- fails quickly under heat
________ cover the underside of rafters, joists, and trusses to create a separation of space (attic) between a room and the roof�
Ceilings
This construction is used widely in roads, railways, appliances, and buildings? pg. 11
Steel
Type V Building construction
wood frame construction
Causes the elongation of a material?
Forces:
Tension
A beam that is supported at two points near its end?
Simple Beam
Why does fiberglass insulation pose a challenge for firefighters?
smolders and retains high amounts of heat
Where’s the collapse zone around a building?
1 1/2 times the building height at least
What’s the weakest points in modern structures?
connections or fasteners
Panelized Roofs
Hazards:
- very heavy
- 2 X 4 joists, plywood decking, and metal hangers fail rapidly when exposed to fire
- expect collapse of a large portion of the roof
Steel comes in what form?
I- beams
H - columns
Re-bar
A top horizontal member of a wall? pg.15
Top plate
Stones uses in SD?
- decorative purposes
- wall coverings
- facades
Type III Building
Ordinary Construction
What’s the popular roof and building construction now days? pg. 26
lightweight building and roof construction
Asphalt composite rolls comes in? pg.21
3’ X 30’
A load which is applied equally over a wide or large area?
Distributed Load
How has newer technologies increased the hazards of firefighters? When it comes to materials inside structures (fuels)?
lowering flash points of materials
increase in toxic gases
failing quicker than before
These walls are used to improve the appearance of a building or structure and are usually non-load bearing in nature?
Veneer Wall
What happens to steel when it gets heated?
expands/weakens very quickly
A beam supported in 3 or more places? pg. 24
continuous beam
What’s the two most common construction walls in residential and interior commercial structures?
wood walls
lightweight steel
Hot mop & rock roofs
Hazards associated?
melt & burn
*fails quickly under heavy fire conditions
Type V Construction? pg. 34
wood frame construction
Dead Loads
Concrete
Steel
Glass
This type of roof construction provides an alternative to the panelized roofing method and can be found in businesses such as Costco and Home Depot.
Parallel Trusses
What construction was replaced with lightweight construction? It holds up well under fire conditions. pg.24
Conventional Roof Construction
Horizontal supporting members that run from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam to support a ceiling, roof or floor?
joist
These are forces that are placed upon structural components
LOADS
