Chemn Unit 2 (Alcohols) Flashcards
Alcohols have … functional group covantely bonded to an..?
-OH group … to an alkyl or cycloalkane chain
Primary alcohols have..?
One carbon atom attachedto the hdoxyl-carrying carbon
Secondary alcohols have ..?
Two carbon atoms covalently bonded to the hydroxyl-carrying carbon atom
Tetiary alcohols have ..?
Three carbon atoms covalently bonded to the hydroxy-carring carbon atom
naming for alcohols..?
The prefix = hydroxy
The suffix = ol
Alkanes= -ol replaces -ane
Alkenes = hydroxy as prefix an keep -ene as suffix
Carbon neutral means..?
There are no net carbon emission- the same amount that is relseased into atmosphere = the amount burned in combustion
If we limit the carbon released in photosynthesis to that burned in engnes, doesn’t consider the energy used in planting, harvesting the plants
Hydrogenation conditions:?
60 degrees
nickel catalyst
hydrogen
break double bond in alkene (unsaurated) to make single bond alkanes (saturated fats)
Most comon reaction with alcohols is ..?
combuston
burns exothermically to produce CO2 + H20
Either the C=O bond is broken in..?
Or the O-H bond is broken to release ..?
subsitution/elimibation reactons
a hydogen on (acts as an acid- proton donor
Oxidation is the …. of oxygen
Reduction s the …..of oxygen
gain of oxygen
loss of oxygeniu
The agent that suplies the oxygen is the …
The agent that removes the oxyen is the…
oxidising agent
reducing agent
Oxidaton conditions from primary alcohol into an adlehyde?
-acidified potassium dichromate
-room temp
-aldehyde removed by distillation to prevent further oxidation
represented by [O]
What happens with oxidation if you use a higherr temeprature?
Goes fro a primary alcohol into a carboxylixc acid (2
oxygen gained and 2 hydorgens lost)
represented by 2[O]
Oxidaton conditions from primary alcohol into an adlehyde?
-acidified potassium dichromate
-room temp
-aldehyde removed by distillation to prevent further oxidation
represented by [O] - only 2 hydrogen lost
What happens with oxidation if you use a higherr temeprature?
Goes fro a primary alcohol into a carboxylixc acid (1 oxygen gained and 2 hydorgens lost)
represented by 2[O]
Oxidising seconary alcohols resuslts in..?
ketone being produced (C=O)
Like alcohol > aaldehyde
represnted by [O] - ONLY 2 hydogen atoms being lost + H20
Why can’t tertiary alcohols be oxidised?
because they have no hydogen atoms attahed to the hydoyl-carrying carbon atom so the conditions required to break the bond are too vigorous.
Elimination reactions for alcohols? and conditions..?
- loses a water molecule (dehydration)
- 1 hydogen atom lsot
- C=O bond breaks
heated
conc. sulfuric acid cataylst
What is ethanol fermentation using yeast?
Yeastt respires glucose aerobically into C02 + H20
or anaerobically into C02 + CH3C20H (ethanol)
> used to power car engines/ reacts with 02
Plants with high sugar concentrations means?
g;ucose in plants can respire anaerobically to produce C02 + CH3CH2OH
CH3CH20H > C02 + H20 (burn exothermically in combustion in car engines)
Why do plants with high stach concentrations take more energy to ferment ethanol than plants with high sugar (glucose) concentrations?
because starch has to be converted tio glucose first > respired anaerobically to make ehtanol + C02 > burned with 02 in car engines ti produce C02 + H20
What is a more sustainable route to get ethen>poly(ethen) than cracking crude oil fractions afetr distillation?
plants with glucose> (ferment) ethanol> elimination > ethene > addition polymerisation > poly(ethene)
