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GCSE > Brain / CNS > Flashcards

Brain / CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

it is a long column of neurones extending down from the base of the brain and branching off to different parts of the body

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2
Q

identify the 3 main parts of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla / oblongata

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3
Q

Identify the role of the cerebral cortex

A

it is located on the outer layer of the brain and it controls the conscious activities : movement , intelligence, memory , language and vision

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4
Q

Identify the role of the cerebellum

A

responsible for muscle co-ordination and balance

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5
Q

identify the role of the medulla oblongata

A

it controls the unconscious activities such as blinking, heart rate and breathing

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6
Q

Identify the two ways the brain can be visualised without surgery

A
  • Pet scans

- CT scans

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7
Q

How does CT scan view the brain

A

it uses x-rays to produce a 3D image of the brain showing the physical structures.

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8
Q

how can you identify the cause of the patients symptoms

A

if the CT scan shows a damaged brain and the patient has lost function you can work out that the function is lost due to the specific area of damage.

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9
Q

How do PET scanners allow u to view the brain

A

They use radioactive chemicals to show active parts of the brain

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10
Q

How do PET scanners detect damaged part

A

before the scan blood is added to the tracer so the radioactive chemicals can detect areas of increased blood flow like cancerous tissues that have higher blood flow

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11
Q

are PET scanners detailed or not

A

yes they are , you can investigate both structures and function of the brain

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12
Q

Identify 3 reasons of why its hard to treat CNS problems

A
  • hard to repair damaged neurones
  • accessibility
  • accidental damage
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13
Q

why is it hard to repair damage in CNS

A

because the neurones in the CNS don’t repair as easily as other tissues in body

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14
Q

Why is it hard to access tumours

A

because they could be located so deep in the brain and it is not possible to surgically remove them in certain parts

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15
Q

Why is accidental damage an issue in CNS

A

because nerve tissues are so delicate if further damaged cause permanent damage such as personality and speech

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16
Q

What is the (PNS)

A

all the nerves in your body

17
Q

how is information sent through the body

A

through electrical impulses known as neruones

18
Q

what is the role CNS

A

it acts as the central co-ordinating centre for the impulses as nerves spread out from the CNS to regions of body / sense organs

19
Q

what is a sensory receptor

A

it is a group of cells that detect a change in the environment - a stimulus

20
Q

what happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors

A

the stimulus is received by the sensory neurone and converted into electrical impulses and sent towards the CNS then in the CNS the electrical impulses are passed onto the relay neurone where it is linked to the motor neurone where impulses are sent to the effector which respond to the stimulus

21
Q

describe the adaptation of the neurones

A
  • extensions from the cell body called axons and dendrons
  • myelin sheath
  • long neurones
22
Q

explain the role of the axon

A

the axon is a main long fibre of neurones that carry electrical impulses away from the cell body

23
Q

explain the role of the myelin sheath

A

the myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator that speeds up electrical impulses

24
Q

explain the role of long neurones

A
  • speed up impulses as being connected to other neurones slow down the impulse so less time wasted
25
Q

role of dendrons

A

dendrons carry electrical impulses towards the cell body acting as a network for easy communication

26
Q

what does the sensory neurone contain

A

contain long dendron from receptor to cell body that is located in middle of neurone
short axon which carry impulse from cell body to the CNS

27
Q

what does a relay neurone consist of

A
  • short dendrites that carry impulses from cell CNS to cell body
  • long axon that carries electrical impulses from cell body to the motor neurone
28
Q

what does the motor neurone consist of

A
  • short dendrites that carry impulses from CNS to cell body

- long axon that carries electrical impulses from cell body to effector cells

29
Q

explain the function of neurotransmitters

A

Where two neurones meet there is a small gap called a synapse. Here the electrical signal must be converted into a chemical one,

  • an electrical impulse travels along the first axon
  • this triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
  • these chemicals diffuse across the synapse (the gap) and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone
  • the receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released from the first neurone
  • this stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse.
30
Q

how do drugs work in regards to neurotransmission

A

Drugs (such as heroin, ecstasy and cocaine) can bind to neurotransmitter receptors, triggering impulses in different regions of the brain

30
Q

how do drugs work in regards to neurotransmission

A

Drugs (such as heroin, ecstasy and cocaine) can bind to neurotransmitter receptors, triggering impulses in different regions of the brain

31
Q

what is a reflex response

A

an automatic rapid response to a stimulus to prevent injuries or damage

32
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

pathway of a reflex response

33
Q

what is the common reflex arc

A

The pin (the stimulus) is detected by a (pain/pressure/touch) receptor in the skin on the person’s foot
A sensory neurone sends electrical impulses to the spinal cord (the coordinator)
An electrical impulse is passed to a relay neurone in the spinal cord (part of the CNS)
A relay neurone synapses with a motor neurone
A motor neurone carries an impulse to a muscle in the leg (the effector)
When stimulated by the motor neurone, the muscle will contract and pull the foot up and away from the sharp object (the response)
This all occurs within a fraction of a second

GCSE (97 decks)

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