Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 1

they all involve creating social capital: developing networks of relationships that weave individuals into groups and communities. 135

Answer 1

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 2

social capital refers to social networks, norms of reciprocity, mutual assistance, and trustworthiness. 143

Answer 2

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 3

crime rate in a neighborhood is lowered when neighbors know one another well, 146

Answer 3

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 4

social capital can be put to morally repugnant purposes as well as admirable ones, 149

Answer 4

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 5

Bonding social capital is a kind of sociological Super Glue, whereas bridging social capital provides a sociological WD-40. 153

Answer 5

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 6

If you get sick, the people who bring you chicken soup are likely to represent your bonding social capital. On the other hand, a society that has only bonding social capital will look like Belfast or Bosnia—segregated into mutually hostile camps. So a pluralist democracy requires lots of bridging social capital, not just the bonding variety. 154

Answer 6

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 7

bridging social capital is harder to create than bonding social capital—after 157

Answer 7

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 8

Community building sometimes has a warm and fuzzy feeling, a kind of “kumbaya” cuddliness about it. 160

Answer 8

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 9

Even as the value of social capital has been more and more widely acknowledged, evidence has mounted of a diminution of social capital in the United States. 173

Answer 9

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 10

the last third of the century witnessed a startling and dismaying reversal of that trend. Beginning, roughly speaking, in the late 1960s, 176

Answer 10

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 11

We do not yet see evidence of a general resurgence of social connection or involvement in the public life of the community. 184

Answer 11

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 12

who has seen her neighborhood unravel and then knit itself together; 190

Answer 12

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 13

social-capital development. 203

Answer 13

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 14

Better Together aims instead to illustrate some of the ways in which Americans in many diverse corners of our society are making progress on the perennial challenge of re-creating new forms of community, 207

Answer 14

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 15

The U.S. Army uses the term “ground truth” to describe the real experience of soldiers in the field—the moment-by-moment truth of being in combat, 214

Answer 15

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 16

One lesson is that creating robust social capital takes time and effort. 255

Answer 16

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 17

it develops through extensive and time-consuming face-to-face conversation between two individuals or among small groups of people. 256

Answer 17

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 18

we see no way that social capital can be created instantaneously or en masse. 259

Answer 18

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 19

social capital is necessarily a local phenomenon because it is defined by connections among people who know one another. 260

Answer 19

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 20

social capitalists. 266

Answer 20

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 21

social capital is usually developed in pursuit of a particular goal or set of goals and not for its own sake. 272

Answer 21

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 22

For many parents, it was their first real connection with the school, the first time anyone had bothered to ask their opinions. For the teachers, it was a first glimpse of their students’ lives outside school. 292

Answer 22

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 23

“We make private pain public.” The house meeting was part of the process, a step toward making the pain public in a local group to build the energy and commitment needed to bring that pain—and the actions needed to relieve it—to a wider public stage where officials would have to recognize it and respond. 320

Answer 23

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 24

Organizing is all about building relationships. It’s not about meetings. These are not counseling sessions. They are not an interview. It’s a conversation. You’re building a relationship here. 325

Answer 24

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 25

And the only way to do this is to leave yourself open to be changed by the conversation.”4 Unlike activist organizations that develop a public agenda first and then try to attract people who support it, 327

Answer 25

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 26

Alinsky believed that reform could best be achieved when the citizens of poor and neglected communities organized and exerted power on their own behalf. He saw doing for others as less effective and as a kind of welfare colonialism. 337

Answer 26

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 27

we are social beings, defined by our relationships with other people—with “family and kin, but also with less familiar people with whom we engage in the day-to-day business of living our lives in a complicated society.” 362

Answer 27

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 28

How do I get them to follow my agenda?” That’s not organizing. What I mean by organizing is getting you to recognize what’s in your best interest. 372

Answer 28

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 29

Relationship-building is a way of looking at the world, not just a strategy. 401

Answer 29

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 30

the core of its school-improvement efforts has been building relationships: between the school and the community; between students and teachers. Relationships are not just the engine of reform, they are one of the goals of reform. 403

Answer 30

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 31

the IAF organizations see schools, and learning, as embedded in the community, not as isolated institutions that can be fixed by applying the latest philosophy of teaching.13 407

Answer 31

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 32

“No permanent allies, no permanent enemies” is a core principle. 421

Answer 32

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 33

Abstract ideas do not connect people, and social action, when it is not rooted in the heart of people’s life experience, withers in the face of opposition and disappointment. 456

Answer 33

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 34

To be effective, these conversations have to be face-to-face, so people can read each other’s emotions, can express sympathy and work through disagreement together. 462

Answer 34

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 35

the problem with a cell phone is that it makes you think you’ve had a conversation.”) 465

Answer 35

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 36

When he went to the local Catholic school to enroll my sister, they told him there was no room, not even a desk for her to sit at. He said, ‘If I build a desk, will you take her?’ They agreed. He built a desk big enough for two students, and they admitted her and another girl.” 468

Answer 36

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 37

Stories build relationships; they knit communities together. 480

Answer 37

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 38

Leaders and organizers are constantly seeking out new leaders that have some energy, the ability to reflect, a sense of humor, some anger and the ability to develop a following. 484

Answer 38

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 39

When Moses is overwhelmed by the task of leading the Israelites in the desert, Jethro warns him that he will wear himself out and advises him to delegate authority to capable men who will share the burden and resolve disputes in groups of 507

Answer 39

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 40

When someone gives marching orders and others march, you are unlikely to find living relationships and real community. 512

Answer 40

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 41

“one-sided relationship” is an oxymoron. 514

Answer 41

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 42

“I don’t move as fast as some people, but I outstay them, I wear them out.” 521

Answer 42

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 43

his most important work is “finding new leaders that find new leaders.” 525

Answer 43

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 44

Gathering people—and especially finding and developing the leaders who can gather people—is the foundation of IAF work. 547

Answer 44

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 45

“There are two sources of power, organized money and organized people. We don’t have organized money, but we have the people.” 604

Answer 45

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 46

The Heartbeat of the Community 637

Answer 46

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 47

Harold Washington Library Center, opened in 1991, is one of the largest public library buildings in the world. 650

Answer 47

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 48

“Now people say, ‘I’ll meet you at the library,’ “Ayres says. “It’s a safe place. It reminds me of the old neighborhood grocery store, where the grocer knew everyone and everyone saw their neighbors.” 692

Answer 48

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 49

neighborhood library as the “heartbeat” of the community. 697

Answer 49

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 50

I really enjoy coming to a place where such a diverse group interacts positively.” 721

Answer 50

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 51

“One Book, One Chicago” program designed to encourage city residents to read the same book at the same time, 738

Answer 51

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 52

improvements that help bring members of a community together sometimes also disrupt or sever old ties. 769

Answer 52

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 53

institutions increasingly assume that “everybody” uses computers. 843

Answer 53

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 54

the library is a gathering place, too, like an old town square or the corner grocer Anne Ayres remembers. 881

Answer 54

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 55

In The Great Good Place, Ray Oldenburg describes what he calls the “third place,” a place that is neither work nor home where people can spend time together.4 885

Answer 55

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 56

A good third place makes few demands on the people who gather there, beyond requiring them to abide by some basic local rules 888

Answer 56

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 57

A third place is a neutral ground where people from different walks of life in the community can meet and get to know one another, having in common perhaps only their desire to frequent this particular place. 889

Answer 57

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 58

disappearance of many third places in America. 891

Answer 58

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 59

“making private pain public.”) 926

Answer 59

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 60

describes Chicago as “New York without the attitude” 929

Answer 60

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 61

“hiking the horizontal,” turning that rigid scale on its side so that nothing is categorically above anything else, 1041

Answer 61

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 62

one key to bridging communities and cultures: finding common ground, a meeting place, while recognizing and respecting differences. 1099

Answer 62

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 63

People working together over time is what built connections and understanding. 1124

Answer 63

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 64

To make a ribbon that would stretch from bank to bank, from New Hampshire to Maine, project leaders invited people to write stories of the town and the shipyard on lengths of fabric. 1173

Answer 64

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 65

the willingness to trust in an unknown outcome is “an incredible life skill,” 1230

Answer 65

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 66

Decades of “white flight” to the suburbs had reduced the white population (including whites of Hispanic origin) from 95 percent in 1950 to 16 percent in 1980.4 Banks, planners, and government officials saw neighborhoods with increasing nonwhite populations as being in decline almost by definition. 1291

Answer 66

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 67

banged on doors and introduced themselves to their neighbors. At countless community meetings, at the multicultural festival, through hard side-by-side labor, they helped people in this place connect and reconnect. 1348

Answer 67

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 68

the so-called neighborhood initiative would be under the control of outside agencies, not the neighborhood, 1380

Answer 68

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 69

Defensive stubbornness seems a more likely reaction to hostile public criticism—certainly a more common one. 1385

Answer 69

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 70

if you live in a neighborhood where people care about each other, you can recover from anything,” 1444

Answer 70

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 71

credits that increased sense of safety to a renewed sense of community. 1450

Answer 71

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 72

the term urban village had acquired currency from a classic study by sociologist Herbert Gans that described the tragic demise of a once vibrant Boston neighborhood gentrified out of existence in the heyday of government-sponsored “urban renewal” of the 1950s.)15 1478

Answer 72

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 73

people are in relationship with one another and everyone has a role in the community, 1483

Answer 73

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 74

“When I first moved to this neighborhood,” Henriquez says, “everybody was a stranger. Nobody said good morning to each other.” 1489

Answer 74

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 75

Barros counts the fact of returning young adults as an important sign of successful community development. “They come back because of good relationships and opportunities,” 1517

Answer 75

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 76

resident Deborah Wilson, who says, “I’d like to thank DSNI for bringing out the activist in me. I didn’t know I had it in me.” 1544

Answer 76

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 77

getting people together to tell their own stories in their own words seemed to create the mutual understanding and sympathy that made collective action possible. 1561

Answer 77

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 78

development without displacement 1587

Answer 78

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 79

“If that happens twice, people feel they’re not welcome and pull out.” 1595

Answer 79

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 80

Barros says, “The success of this neighborhood has got to be about the relationships we build, because there are going to be conflicts.” 1599

Answer 80

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 81

His great skill, according to Grisham, was in bringing people together and introducing them to ideas that he borrowed elsewhere. He was mainly a catalyst; he unlocked other people’s power. “He used the networks around him,” 1743

Answer 81

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 82

“It began with an individual,” he says, referring of course to McLean. “It always begins with an individual, but there is no way of predicting who that person will be.” 1787

Answer 82

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 83

He talks to them about the importance of achieving a critical mass of people committed to the same vision of community development, how not much seems to happen until that critical mass is reached but how, when it is, change can come quickly. 1795

Answer 83

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 84

“There’s a myth that the tornado of ’36 brought Tupelo together and started the turnaround. It didn’t happen that way. That kind of crisis can pull people together for a short time, but they don’t sustain the connection.” 1802

Answer 84

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 85

“It doesn’t stay in business to make money,” Gray says. “It makes money to stay in business.” 1853

Answer 85

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 86

“Newspapers help give a community its self-definition,” 1854

Answer 86

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 87

“‘There’s an expectation that if you’re enjoying the benefits of being in Tupelo, you’re expected to reinvest in the community,’ 1883

Answer 87

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 88

If community means mutual influence and mutual dependence, 1921

Answer 88

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 89

Saddleback Church From Crowd to Congregation 1936

Answer 89

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 90

during the last third of the twentieth century involvement in many religious communities across the country slumped, just as more secular forms of community involvement did. 1949

Answer 90

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 91

between 1960 and 2000 church membership, church attendance, and involvement in church-related groups such as Sunday schools, “church socials,” and the like declined by perhaps one third nationwide. Among the so-called mainline churches (Methodists, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and the like) the falloff has been even greater.1 1951

Answer 91

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 92

A sign by the road that curves up from the entrance reads: “First-Time Visitors Use Right Lane for Preferred Parking.” 1969

Answer 92

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 93

“Our Purposes: Magnification, Membership, Maturity, Ministry, Mission.” 1975

Answer 93

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 94

Greeters meet churchgoers at every turn—on the steps, the walkway, at the door to the sanctuary—smiling and shaking hands. 1984

Answer 94

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 95

“Welcome to Saddleback. Sit back, relax, and enjoy being here.” 1989

Answer 95

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 96

Everything happens exactly on cue, in a perfectly timed and seamless performance. 2008

Answer 96

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 97

The Southeast Christian Church in Louisville, Kentucky, and Brentwood Baptist in Houston, Texas, have built facilities that are in effect church-centered malls or small towns, with health clubs and athletic facilities, McDonald’s franchises, banks, and other amenities designed to attract people and encourage them to eat, play, and work as well as worship there.2 2019

Answer 97

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 98

Jesus drew large crowds by speaking directly to people’s concerns in language they understood, not by insisting on traditional forms of Jewish worship, 2037

Answer 98

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 99

“There is no such thing as religious music,” he says, “only religious lyrics.” 2040

Answer 99

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 100

his purpose, like David’s, is to reach the people of his generation in their own terms 2042

Answer 100

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 101

the medium is not the message, the message is the message, and it should be communicated in whatever forms touch people most effectively. 2044

Answer 101

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 102

how to turn the “crowd” into a “congregation,” to use Saddleback terms for distinguishing between the visitors, the consumers of comfort and entertainment, and the committed members of the church community. The answer is small groups. 2052

Answer 102

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 103

The idea of being part of a “community” of forty-five thousand calls into question what “community” means. 2064

Answer 103

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 104

In any large organization, people’s sense of loyalty, connection, and identification comes from being part of a smaller team or group who spend enough time together to know and be known to one another. 2066

Answer 104

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 105

Joining a small group is the first, essential step in being part of a megachurch rather than just attending it. 2067

Answer 105

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 106

Lyle Schaller notes, “Most very large congregations affirm the fact that they are a congregation of congregations, 2068

Answer 106

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 107

Atlantic Monthly, Charles Trueheart cites Jim Mellado of Willow Creek on the importance of lay-led “cells” of up to ten people, the small-group cell being “the basic unit of church life.” 2070

Answer 107

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 108

Warren writes, “People are not looking for a friendly church as much as they are looking for friends.” 2072

Answer 108

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 109

“The average church member knows 67 people in the congregation, whether the church has 200 or 2,000 attending. A member does not have to know everyone in the church in order to feel like it’s their church, but he or she does have to know some people.”8 2074

Answer 109

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 110

the words “Saddleback Church” in small print. Those signs give church members a reason to say hello to their neighbors: “Oh, you go to Saddleback, too?” 2082

Answer 110

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 111

Sharon Carton. “Some people are at that stage where they just need somebody to ask them.” 2086

Answer 111

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 112

Warren cites a biblical foundation for small-group membership. He mentions that the New Testament uses the phrase “one another” more than fifty times, an indication of the importance of human relationships to Christianity. 2087

Answer 112

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 113

the Gospel spread primarily through relationships. 2090

Answer 113

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 114

membership at Saddleback passes through an obligatory small-group membership class (“Class 101”), 2095

Answer 114

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 115

the church has small groups and small-group ministries for every conceivable need and talent: 2096

Answer 115

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 116

At Saddleback, says Tim Holcomb, “You are expected to be in community; you can’t live on your own. The purpose of your life is to be in community, to love and to give. When you see community work, it makes you want to be a part of it.” 2108

Answer 116

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 117

Saddleback periodically holds small-group connection sessions, promising, “If you are tired of being a nameless face in the crowd, join us … for one hour and we will help you find a small-group family.” 2111

Answer 117

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 118

He believes that the biggest factor in keeping a group together is affinity: people whose concerns, ages, and backgrounds are similar tend to connect and stay together. Eastman says the groups offer “short-term fellowship that can lead to lifetime relationships. 2118

Answer 118

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 119

It has helped immensely to have people we can have that sense of community with.” 2126

Answer 119

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 120

“God will always sacrifice short-term comfort for long-term gain,” 2132

Answer 120

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 121

Lyle Schaller writes that “the number-one point of commonality [among very large churches] is absolute clarity about the belief system. 2134

Answer 121

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 122

The structures of small-group education and spiritual development at Saddleback are designed to help people move from “the crowd” of weekend attenders to “the congregation” of those who are actual members of the church to “the committed,” who are committed to spiritual maturity, to “the core” of those active in lay ministry. It is a progression, as church staff also say, from “attendees to army.” 2149

Answer 122

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 123

People come to Saddleback not despite their isolation and materialism but because of them; they are looking for the community and sense of purpose that their materially successful lives lack. 2164

Answer 123

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 124

living a life of “significance instead of success.” 2167

Answer 124

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 125

All staff are encouraged to contribute at least ten percent of their time to helping other churches.” 2176

Answer 125

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 126

“If you don’t like fellowship on earth, you’re not going to like heaven.” 2188

Answer 126

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 127

Only one in four American Protestant churches reports an average worship attendance of more than 140.11 2202

Answer 127

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 128

All Saints, too, has bucked the trend of shrinkage or stagnation in church membership. 2204

Answer 128

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 129

one of the pillars of community building is being heard and telling our stories,” 2215

Answer 129

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 130

junior warden Catherine Keig says, “I don’t describe community as sameness; I describe it as difference.” 2223

Answer 130

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 131

Affinity is a more powerful glue than diversity. 2236

Answer 131

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 132

worth noting that “communion” and “community” are essentially the same word, having to do with sharing, with joint participation. 2271

Answer 132

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 133

Lyle Schaller explains: Most of us need a point of dependable stability and continuity in our lives. 2285

Answer 133

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 134

There, as at Saddleback, a combination of shared values, shared worship, and small-group connections creates and maintains a church community. 2295

Answer 134

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 135

certainty has a wider appeal than ambiguity, 2296

Answer 135

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 136

Do Something League, a national organization established to encourage community activism and develop leadership skills among young people. 2309

Answer 136

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 137

the first principle of Do Something is youth leadership: letting the young members choose 2311

Answer 137

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 138

In the presidential election of 1972, 42 percent of young people aged 18 to 24 voted, but by 2000 this figure had dropped to 28 percent, the steepest decline of any age cohort. 2339

Answer 138

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 139

civic activism early in life is one of the strongest predictors of later adult involvement. 2343

Answer 139

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Question 140

scrap the local-chapter model in favor of a school-based one. 2378

Answer 140

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Question 141

it could tap into existing social groups and existing relationships of trust and cooperation in schools, rather than having to recruit youngsters one by one. 2379

Answer 141

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Question 142

Do Something would benefit by entering communities through the established institutions of local schools. 2381

Answer 142

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Question 143

taken note of the connections they are making with adults in the community and the ways in which these relationships lead to positive outcomes. 2518

Answer 143

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 144

annual “Kindness and Justice Challenge” in honor of the Martin Luther King, Jr., 2556

Answer 144

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 145

For two weeks, students around the country fill out forms describing every act of kindness they carry out—washing 2557

Answer 145

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 146

Texas Industrial Areas Foundation’s Iron Rule: “Never do anything for anybody that they can do for themselves.” 2586

Answer 146

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Question 147

the strength of the organization comes from a combination of clarity about its essential principles and behaviors with a willingness to change in light of experience 2631

Answer 147

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 148

redefining education as more active and participatory. This new initiative reflects the same basic beliefs: that the only way to learn participation is to participate; the only way to become a leader is to lead. 2643

Answer 148

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Question 149

make personal stories and trusting relationships the foundation of collective action and let their agendas arise from thousands of conversations. 2678

Answer 149

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Question 150

organizing against an “enemy”—a 2681

Answer 150

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Question 151

This style of organizing was slow, because listening to everyone takes time and building trust and relationships takes time. 2685

Answer 151

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Question 152

Union membership in America had peaked in 1954, when nearly one third of all nonfarm workers (32.5 percent) had belonged to a union; by 1998 that figure had nose-dived to 14.1 percent. By the 1990s this dramatic decline was mirrored in virtually all industrialized countries. 2700

Answer 152

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Question 153

That “social thing” is the social-capital heart of this story. 2715

Answer 153

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Question 154

McKenzie expresses: that transmitted information does not ease isolation or connect people in genuine relationships. 2792

Answer 154

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Question 155

Eighty percent of the students are eligible for free lunches, the standard measure of poverty levels in schools. 2990

Answer 155

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Question 156

It is far more compelling to many seniors . . . if they see a chance to do work not as a single volunteer in a school, but as part of a team with a mission. 3023

Answer 156

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Question 157

the design of Experience Corps incorporates elements of social-capital building to magnify the impact of the individual volunteers. 3025

Answer 157

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 158

The nationwide Experience Corps network is overseen by Civic Ventures, a nonprofit organization “dedicated to transforming the aging of America into a source of individual and social renewal.”2 3026

Answer 158

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 159

“community of practice,” a term that refers to informal groups of people who share knowledge and support one another in their common work. “These are relationships with a purpose,” 3048

Answer 159

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Question 160

he visited a nearby “old people’s home” whose residents, also starved for human contact, 3066

Answer 160

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Question 161

the Foster Grandparents program involves more than twenty-five thousand older Americans relating one-on-one to a hundred thousand children a year. It is, according to Freedman, “a hidden triumph of social policy.” 3074

Answer 161

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 162

John Gardner, former secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and founder of Common Cause, deliver a talk entitled “Reinventing Community.” 3084

Answer 162

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Question 163

1988, “The Experience Corps,” that expressed the same idea in a few succinct pages. Gardner’s brief essay argued for an institution that would draw on the “talent, experience, and commitment” of older Americans, providing a mechanism for them to give back to society while enjoying an opportunity for learning and satisfaction for themselves.5 3087

Answer 163

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Question 164

making this a social-capital story of relationship and engagement, not simply a story about a volunteer program. Commitment is one of the principles—the 3093

Answer 164

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Question 165

called for a critical mass of participants in each school because he saw the difference 3100

Answer 165

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Question 166

The program needs to have a presence, and when we have a team of volunteers we create a critical mass of time, 3105

Answer 166

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Question 167

having groups of that size has created a supportive community of peers for the volunteers themselves—an experience very different from the isolation volunteers in schools sometimes experience. 3107

Answer 167

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Question 168

lasting commitment and a sense of genuine participation and connection often depend on having opportunities to develop new skills and take leadership roles. Simply being a “foot soldier” or doing the same thing over and over does not build social capital as readily. 3110

Answer 168

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Question 169

the “old heads” that Elijah Anderson describes in Streetwise—responsible, experienced older adults who befriended and encouraged youths, surrogate parents who passed on their values and understanding but who lost their authority as neighborhoods declined.7 3137

Answer 169

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Question 170

Freedman says, “The porch has moved inside the school.” 3139

Answer 170

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Question 171

Robert Tietze says, “It isn’t just tutoring, it’s community; it’s about working with children to establish relationships that have a social, emotional, and educational impact.” 3145

Answer 171

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Question 172

The relationships also give the children a positive example of what seniors can be like in a culture that sometimes portrays old people as foolish, helpless, or selfish. 3151

Answer 172

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Question 173

reviving the traditional role of elders passing on a community’s history to the youngest generation, bringing their shared heritage to life. 3159

Answer 173

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Question 174

Building that connection to the past 3160

Answer 174

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Question 175

“Social connectedness is the heart of Experience Corps, and the connections radiate in so many directions.” 3178

Answer 175

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Question 176

To signal and reinforce the legitimacy of the volunteer group as a real, functioning part of the school, the Experience Corps insists that volunteers have mailboxes in the school office alongside the teachers’ boxes. 3190

Answer 176

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Question 177

If a school is unwilling or unable to work with us to establish these elements, it may be a sign that the relationship is not going to work, and we will choose not to establish a program at that particular site.” 3193

Answer 177

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Question 178

If support is lacking or halfhearted, the relationship will probably fail. 3196

Answer 178

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Question 179

supporting a sense of community at the school. 3208

Answer 179

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Question 180

being there and connecting person to person created understanding and support. 3238

Answer 180

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Question 181

“giving something back,” in the words so many of the volunteers use when asked why they give three days a week to the program. 3270

Answer 181

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Question 182

In Bowling Alone, Putnam marshals evidence that the postwar baby boom generation does not share that ethic of service to anything like the same degree. 3272

Answer 182

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Question 183

fundamental UPS value that, for many years, no one who left the company for any reason would ever be hired back. 3291

Answer 183

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 184

America’s social-capital deficit 3325

Answer 184

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 185

The issue of social capital and work has two facets: Work can affect social capital outside the workplace (as, for example, in corporate-sponsored volunteering or workplace flexibility that enables employees to reconcile their professional obligations with their family and community obligations). Work can affect social capital inside the workplace (as, for example, in the ways office architecture or supervisory practices affect relations among coworkers). 3328

Answer 185

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Question 186

UPS is, in fact, an even more interesting story because of the role of social capital within the workplace itself. 3333

Answer 186

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 187

UPS does not represent “boutique capitalism,” 3335

Answer 187

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 188

UPS has pursued a more social capital–intensive strategy than many comparable firms. UPS management has followed this strategy not out of altruism, but because of a hard-nosed business calculation that it is a good way to make a profit, 3336

Answer 188

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 189

Tales of cooperation are part of the company’s folklore. 3364

Answer 189

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 190

best advice he got from veterans when he started was “Don’t quit at the end of the day, wait until the next morning.” 3368

Answer 190

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 191

The very difficulty of the work draws people together. Being able to “hack it,” showing the strength and persistence the work demands day after day, defines what it means to be “a real UPSer.” 3372

Answer 191

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 192

There are other sources of unity, some of them visible and symbolic. Like any uniform, the brown uniform worn by every driver represents membership in a collective enterprise, commonality over individuality. The shared, explicit standards and practices that define many jobs at UPS also contribute to unity. 3376

Answer 192

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 193

Ernie Cortés says, “The answer is relationships.” 3384

Answer 193

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 194

it does not see electronic (or even phone) communication as a substitute for face-to-face contact. 3397

Answer 194

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 195

having clear norms and goals frees up people at all levels to make decisions consistent with accomplishing their tasks. 3417

Answer 195

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 196

UPS is no democracy, but trusting the people who do the work to make the decisions necessary to get it done has been part of the company’s culture for a long time. 3419

Answer 196

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 197

Leadership development—providing opportunities for people to advance within the company—is a key goal. 3424

Answer 197

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 198

organizations that practice “rank and yank”) firing the lowest-rated 10 percent of workers every year, using fear to keep employees up to snuff. 3435

Answer 198

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 199

UPS has what labor economists term a strong “internal labor market.” That is, jobs (including the top jobs) are filled mostly from within. 3443

Answer 199

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 200

“occupational community,” that is, relatively dense and cooperative connections among the employees. 3448

Answer 200

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 201

Historically, there has been more union democracy and less corruption in UPS locals than in other parts of the Teamsters. I attribute these virtues to the existence of the occupational community.”6 3451

Answer 201

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 202

employee-led committees 3480

Answer 202

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 203

embody two basic convictions: that the people who understand the work best are the ones who do it, and that people usually respond best to help and advice from their peers. 3505

Answer 203

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Question 204

It’s a home away from home for a lot of them.” 3520

Answer 204

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 205

Retention rates among part-time workers have improved, too, from turnover of almost 50 percent in 2001 to less than 30 percent through June of 2002, though it is hard to judge how much that improvement is due to the employee-retention committees’ work. 3548

Answer 205

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 206

The experience of UPS reminds us of the important values of an “occupational community” as well as the challenges of fostering it in an increasingly competitive global economy. 3581

Answer 206

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 207

they are stories of social connection formed in familiar ways: people who live or work in close proximity to one another meeting and talking, discovering common interests and mutual concerns. 3587

Answer 207

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 208

Net-based community.) Proponents of these communities have argued that ties of mutual interest mean more than the accident of physical proximity. 3598

Answer 208

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 209

Internet-based connections can be broadly divided into those that link you to people you already know and may have met face-to-face (such as e-mail) and those that link you to people whom you don’t know and who may even be anonymous (such as chat rooms). 3600

Answer 209

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Question 210

e-ties to people whom you also know offline constitute a kind of alloy that combines the advantages of both computer-based and face-to-face connections. 3607

Answer 210

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 211

Like the telephone, these forms of electronic communication can strengthen, broaden, and deepen existing personal ties. 3610

Answer 211

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 212

One woman told me that she reads our lists just for the personal stories. It’s a window into what’s going on around her, and it provides a sense of connection and intimacy with others. That’s the common theme: What’s going on around us? 3679

Answer 212

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 213

Newmark believes that the physical proximity of the people who visit craigslist, the fact that they all know and experience the same metropolitan area, is crucial to the sense of community it generates. 3681

Answer 213

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 214

the localness of the craigslist sites is what keeps them alive and growing and what makes it possible for people to feel a community connection online. 3683

Answer 214

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 215

The idea that people might be around is more important than actual face-to-face contact. 3691

Answer 215

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 216

Written messages lack the physical expressions and gestures that are such an important part of face-to-face conversation, clarifying and deepening the meanings of the words while adding their own unspoken meaning and providing an instantaneous response to what is being said. 3716

Answer 216

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 217

In face-to-face conversation, we also get signals we use to judge our contributions: 3719

Answer 217

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 218

Lacking all of the elements of conversation except the words, the exchanges of messages in the craigslist discussion forums are more fragile than “real” conversations. 3723

Answer 218

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 219

“when you overlay an electronic community directly on top of a physical community, that creates a very powerful social pressure to be civil. If you’re going to yell at somebody on the ’net, or flame them out, you may run into them at the grocery store, and they may turn out to be your neighbor.”5 3737

Answer 219

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Question 220

building trust and goodwill is not easy in the largely anonymous, easy-in, easy-out, surf-by world of pure cyberspace. 3740

Answer 220

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 221

“the culture of trust we’ve built is a really big deal. We have to re-earn that every day.”6 3743

Answer 221

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 222

However much craigslist may be a community itself, it unquestionably functions as a tool to create community by bringing people together, 3753

Answer 222

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 223

Created in 1985, the WELL was exhibit A in Howard Rheingold’s argument in The Virtual Community that electronic meeting places can be genuine communities.7 3757

Answer 223

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 224

The idea of paying to meet people is unsettling. 3780

Answer 224

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 225

communities generally define themselves by both what they are and what they are not, by the norms that represent common community behavior, 3786

Answer 225

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 226

William A. Galston, in “(How) Does the Internet Affect Community? 3800

Answer 226

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 227

“Internet groups rely to an unusual degree on norms that evolve through iteration over time and are enforced through moral suasion and group disapproval of conspicuous violators . . . the medium is capable of promoting a kind of socialization and moral learning through mutual adjustment.”10 3801

Answer 227

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 228

People started telling me that they felt connected in some kind of community sense. I used to be doctrinaire about definitions and I didn’t feel it was a community site, but I eventually said, if people feel connected, it must be a community. 3825

Answer 228

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 229

In the “all power to the people” era of the late 1960s and early 1970s, such experiments in neighborhood decentralization were not uncommon in urban America. 3835

Answer 229

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 230

in America in the 1970s and 1980s, as Putnam reported in Bowling Alone, public meetings emptied, local organizations atrophied, and “good-government” groups expired. In Portland, by contrast, in these same years civic activism boomed. 3842

Answer 230

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 231

Portland in the early 1970s was essentially identical to that in comparable cities, but twenty years later, Portlanders of all walks of life were three or four times more likely to be involved in civic life as their counterparts elsewhere in America. 3858

Answer 231

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 232

Jane Jacobs’s The Death and Life of Great American Cities, published in 1961, tells the story of citizen activists in Manhattan who headed off plans to extend Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park. 3886

Answer 232

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 233

people here “trust government because they are government. 3900

Answer 233

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 234

Two things stand out about the Portland experience: first, the skill, persistence, and reach of Portland’s activist community, and second, the evolving capacity of public officials and government to respond and adapt. 3947

Answer 234

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 235

because the city was fairly homogeneous racially and economically, it was easier for many residents to think of themselves as members of one community and to avoid divisions along lines of race, income, and inner-city-versus-suburbs that have hindered efforts to unify other cities. 3976

Answer 235

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 236

you find in Portland “a remarkable number of people who think it’s possible to do things.” 4002

Answer 236

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 237

(During Goldschmidt’s term as mayor, the city established a blanket insurance policy to cover block parties throughout the city so that neighborhood groups would not need to apply for permits or worry about liability.) 4026

Answer 237

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 238

density of neighborhoods close to downtown encourages connections among neighbors, saying, “If you live close to people, you have to know them.” 4028

Answer 238

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 239

identifies communication as an essential contributor both to a sense of community and to community involvement. 4033

Answer 239

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 240

“Communication defines community,” 4034

Answer 240

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 241

how many people were watching TV, distracted by stories and events that had little to do with their own lives or their own community. 4039

Answer 241

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 242

A critical mass of citizens is involved, so involvement becomes the norm here, just as disengagement has become the norm elsewhere. Referring to The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell’s book 4046

Answer 242

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 243

people being successful at it, you have visible proof that it can be done.” 4050

Answer 243

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 244

community commitment.” 4095

Answer 244

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 245

listening to people’s stories was essential. 4103

Answer 245

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 246

the government learned (or learned again) that genuinely responding to citizens’ demands that they be included in the process was the key. 4119

Answer 246

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 247

More grassroots activism has (often through conflict) led to more responsive public institutions, and more responsive institutions have in turn evoked more activism. 4153

Answer 247

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 248

political scientist Jeffrey Berry and his colleagues found in their 1993 study of Portland and three other cities, “increased participation and stronger neighborhood associations tend to reduce the gap between citizens and their government, not increase it.”25 4156

Answer 248

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 249

For people who are less outgoing, community seems closed or actually is closed. 4180

Answer 249

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 250

A small plaque inside City Hall answers the question of how you get to City Hall: “By raising your hand.” 4200

Answer 250

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 251

“they’re not really residents; they don’t pay taxes; they’re not committed to the neighborhood.” 4223

Answer 251

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 252

the values of privatism.”27 4248

Answer 252

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 253

no one sets out to “build social capital.” 4255

Answer 253

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 254

The more neighbors who know one another by name, the fewer crimes a neighborhood as a whole will suffer. 4261

Answer 254

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 255

Society as a whole benefits enormously from the social ties forged by those who choose connective strategies in pursuit of their particular goals.1 4263

Answer 255

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 256

our hope is that these stories will offer encouragement and insights for anyone contemplating a “social-capital strategy” for his or her substantive problem, be it cleaning up a polluted river, improving the lot of undocumented immigrants, or attacking public corruption. 4284

Answer 256

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 257

social-capital building is demonstrably hampered by urban sprawl and by the increasingly complex schedules of two-career families.2 4296

Answer 257

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 258

neither public policies on transportation and housing nor private firms’ policies on release time for community service appear anywhere in our stories. 4299

Answer 258

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 259

Education itself is often the most powerful predictor of high levels of social capital. Educated people and educated communities have skills and resources that enable them to form and exploit social networks more readily, whereas less educated communities have to struggle harder to do so. 4300

Answer 259

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Question 260

almost invisible in the background—government policies were crucial to the substantive results achieved in many cases. 4316

Answer 260

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 261

misguided public policies can also weaken or destroy social capital. 4322

Answer 261

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 262

it helps to be blessed with “true believers” in positions of power: individuals committed to grassroots participation who will follow the social-capital route through all its apparent meanderings. 4336

Answer 262

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 263

interpersonal connections and civic engagement among ordinary citizens were essential to making participatory democracy work. 4338

Answer 263

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 264

We have discovered no simple rules for social-capital building. 4351

Answer 264

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 265

smaller is better for social-capital creation. 4358

Answer 265

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 266

Researchers have repeatedly found that social capital is higher in smaller settings—smaller schools, smaller towns, smaller countries, and so on.4 4359

Answer 266

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 267

One-on-one, face-to-face communication is more effective at building relationships and creating empathy and understanding than remote, impersonal communication. 4360

Answer 267

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 268

the more extensive interchange that is possible in smaller groups makes it possible to discover unexpected mutuality even in the face of difference. Small size also makes individual responsibility for maintaining the group intensely clear, 4363

Answer 268

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Question 269

Smaller groups also offer easier footholds for initial steps. 4366

Answer 269

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 270

participants sit and talk in groups of six to ten are the fundamental building blocks 4367

Answer 270

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Question 271

Gladys McKenzie says, “We don’t want to be pen pals. We want to connect with a face.” “They knew my shoe size,” Joyce Guarnieri jokes. 4372

Answer 271

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 272

it seems that the relative absence of face-to-face contact associated with the craigslist Web site limits the amount of real and sustainable social capital it can create. 4378

Answer 272

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 273

learning about other people’s lives through the site gives users a “sense of community,” but can this “sense” spill over into material support or helpful interventions in the same way that lunchtime parking lot conversations between UPS workers do? The evidence is debatable. 4379

Answer 273

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 274

The need for redundancy of contact to foster virtuous circles of mutual responsibility means that not only size but density matters. 4381

Answer 274

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 275

In sum, smaller is better for forging and sustaining connections. On the other hand, bigger is better for critical mass, power, and diversity. 4386

Answer 275

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 276

community building benefits from a sense on the part of participants that they are a part of something important and growing. 4387

Answer 276

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 277

federation: nesting small groups within larger groups.5 Small groups within larger organizations can foster the personal relationships that would not be so easily formed within the larger organization alone. 4396

Answer 277

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 278

This “nested,” federal strategy is especially effective when (as in Saddleback and All Saints) members can participate in more than one small group, thus weaving personal ties among the small groups and reinforcing a sense of identity with the larger whole. 4403

Answer 278

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 279

create a cellular structure with smaller groups linked to form a larger, more encompassing one. 4408

Answer 279

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 280

Organizational choices that facilitate “mixing” and “bridging” among small groups can harness the benefits of both intimacy and breadth. 4409

Answer 280

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 281

“bonding social capital” (ties that link individuals or groups with much in common) and “bridging social capital” (ties that link individuals or groups across a greater social distance). 4414

Answer 281

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 282

Social-capital strategists need to pay special attention to the tougher task of fostering social ties that reach across social divisions. 4418

Answer 282

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 283

Bridging is not about “Kumbaya” cuddling. It is about coming together to argue, as much as to share. 4420

Answer 283

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 284

confirm that homogeneity makes connective strategies easier. 4424

Answer 284

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 285

bridging ties are harder to build than bonding ones. 4430

Answer 285

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 286

(if your curb is my curb, your eyesore is my eyesore), might seem to have made collaboration an obvious choice there. 4436

Answer 286

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 287

Shared space may be a necessary condition for bridging, but it is not sufficient, as any observer of dining halls in formally integrated U.S. high schools and colleges knows. 4442

Answer 287

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 288

Birds of a feather flock together, folk wisdom tells us, but you don’t need to be an ornithologist to know there’s more to birds than feathers. 4458

Answer 288

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 289

“diversity” is sometimes a code word referring to racial identity and nothing else. 4459

Answer 289

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 290

there are therefore multiple potential dimensions of similarity. Groups that bond along some axes can bridge along others. 4461

Answer 290

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 291

Crafting cross-cutting identities is a powerful way to enable connection across perceived diversity. That is, bridging may depend on finding, emphasizing, or creating a new dimension of similarity within which bonding can occur. One often underestimated technique for creating new identities and bridging social distance, as well as for helping to create social capital in other ways, is telling stories. 4465

Answer 291

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 292

Using Stories to Build Connections 4468

Answer 292

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 293

Organizing is about transforming private aches and pains into a shared vision of collective action. 4469

Answer 293

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 294

“interest articulation” and “interest aggregation” (to use jargon from political science) emerged from carefully nurtured conversations among ordinary folks. 4471

Answer 294

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 295

Civic idealism can be an asset in community building, but creating social capital means recognizing people’s interests and needs (including their need for fun and fellowship), not just their ideals. 4475

Answer 295

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 296

Social capital is not just about broccoli, but about chocolates, too. 4476

Answer 296

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 297

Community builders need to start with what the participants really care about, not some external agenda. 4478

Answer 297

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 298

Stories help people to construct and reconstruct their interests. 4480

Answer 298

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 299

Personal narratives are a uniquely powerful medium for expressing needs and building bonds. People like to tell their own stories; most like to listen to others’ as well. 4483

Answer 299

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 300

Telling and listening to stories creates empathy and helps people find the things they have in common, which then eases the formation of enduring groups and networks. 4486

Answer 300

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 301

three different sorts of narratives play roles in building and sustaining connection: “I” stories, “we” stories, and “they” stories. 4488

Answer 301

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 302

Eliciting personal narratives can be an “easy-on ramp” for recruiting or integrating new members into an organization. By revealing vulnerabilities and creating empathy, “I” stories build trust. 4489

Answer 302

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 303

Finding commonalities among “I” stories is a powerful technique. Reframing individual trajectories as a collective tale can create the crosscutting identities that turn bridging distance into bonding ties. We tell our own stories, and through our stories we redefine who “we” are. 4495

Answer 303

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 304

At both Saddleback and All Saints, members of small groups are encouraged to share their “spiritual autobiographies” as a key tool for transcending differences. 4497

Answer 304

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 305

If “I” stories are essential to building new connections, “we” stories are equally valuable in sustaining those connections. Recounting how “we” overcame past obstacles and achieved unexpected successes reinforces shared identity and frames strategic choices for the future. 4501

Answer 305

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 306

Sometimes it is argued that collective identity necessarily implies exclusion, that every “we” requires a “they.” 4505

Answer 306

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 307

Having an enemy can help to create social capital. 4507

Answer 307

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 308

In Bowling Alone, Putnam reported that World War II played an important role in creating the “long civic generation.” 4509

Answer 308

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 309

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, trust among Americans of all races and ethnicities shot upward.12 4510

Answer 309

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 310

Community organizers from Saul Alinsky on the left to Ralph Reed on the right have recognized the usefulness of identifying an enemy. As Reed once noted, “It’s no accident that it’s called ‘Mothers Against Drunk Driving,’ not ‘Mothers for Sober Driving.’” 4511

Answer 310

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 311

Social capitalists cannot shun conflict. 4516

Answer 311

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 312

given the role that “enemies” play in many theoretical accounts of community building, we were surprised to notice that in many of our cases—the Shipyard Project, Do Something, Experience Corps, the Chicago libraries, craigslist, Tupelo—it is virtually impossible to discern any enemy at all against whom the organizers sought to rally support. 4522

Answer 312

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 313

in many of our stories, participants have forged strong bonds of connection without demonizing anyone. 4526

Answer 313

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 314

Real social change takes time—lots of it. 4527

Answer 314

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 315

Max Weber, the distinguished social theorist. 4529

Answer 315

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 316

Social and political change, he explained, requires “a strong and slow boring of hard boards.” 4531

Answer 316

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 317

Successful community builders in our cases, too, recognize that crafting lasting relationships and mutual trust takes time. 4532

Answer 317

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 318

Paula Rais observed, “You need time to meet, to get to know one another and trust each other, to let common issues bubble to the surface.” 4534

Answer 318

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 319

Building social capital is neither all-or-nothing nor once-and-for-all. It is incremental and cumulative. 4536

Answer 319

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 320

Rick Warren has built the Saddleback congregation one family at a time, working each newcomer through a gradual process of affiliation, moving steadily from casual visitor to Crowd (regular attenders) to Congregation (baptized members), to Committed (tithing activists), and finally to Core (those dedicated to ministering to others). 4537

Answer 320

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 321

The path to success through connective strategies can be long. This means it is all the more important to take aim at concrete, discrete, and feasible targets along the way. In the cases above we saw small victories—the 4541

Answer 321

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 322

Each small victory must be seen as a bite-size version of the larger vision. 4544

Answer 322

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 323

social scientists and historians recently have called our attention to “path dependence,” that is, where you can go and how to get there depend on which path brought you here. 4545

Answer 323

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 324

Because building social capital and trust is cumulative, social life is replete with vicious circles. Weak social capital fosters the symptoms of social disintegration, such as crime and poverty, and those symptoms in turn further undermine social connections. 4547

Answer 324

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 325

social capital where it is most needed leads naturally to the strategy, visible in many of our cases, of “recycling” whatever shards of social connectivity are available, that is, reusing existing social networks by directing them to new purposes. 4553

Answer 325

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 326

“All organizing is reorganizing.” 4556

Answer 326

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 327

ideological commitment and objective self-interest are less powerful predictors of who gets involved than are preexisting friendship networks.14 4563

Answer 327

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 328

“Find existing networks that can be recycled” is thus one important lesson for social capitalists. 4564

Answer 328

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 329

Movements that rely on that approach, however, need a complementary strategy for encouraging “walk-ins” and for reaching out to the socially disconnected. 4565

Answer 329

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 330

The path-dependent character of social-capital building means that in many ways success breeds success. 4569

Answer 330

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 331

Trust is a sociological breeder reactor. 4572

Answer 331

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 332

“development without displacement.” 4576

Answer 332

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 333

Tupelo, as we have seen, now grapples with the challenges posed not by poverty but by economic development. When people are no longer poor, the idea of shared fate (and shared solutions) is less persuasive. Mutual dependency is less visible and less urgent. 4577

Answer 333

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 334

A special challenge for social movements is how to sustain momentum through the inevitable periods of leadership transition. This is, of course, a classic organizational dilemma, what Max Weber termed the “routinization of charisma.” One key is to develop grassroots leaders with autonomy—not just a single general and a mass of foot soldiers. 4580

Answer 334

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 335

Part of the challenge comes from organizational fatigue and entropy—the difficulty of maintaining momentum once the excitement of early achievements is past. Part of the challenge comes from expansion and turnover, as people originally fired up by a unique vision are succeeded by people who have joined an ongoing enterprise. 4592

Answer 335

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 336

Creating Common Spaces: Urban Planning, Local Media, and Technology 4602

Answer 336

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 337

one key to creating social capital is to build in redundancy of contact. 4603

Answer 337

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 338

Common spaces for commonplace encounters are prerequisites for common conversations and common debate. Furthermore, networks that intersect and circles that overlap reinforce a sense of reciprocal obligation and extend the boundaries of empathy. 4604

Answer 338

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 339

Sociologists refer to this aspect of social networks as “multistrandedness”: how many different layers of connection do they unite? When you frequently encounter the same person at the market and the ball field and a political rally, your ties with her are multistranded. 4606

Answer 339

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 340

they allow participants to recognize affiliations they share with folks they see every day, opening the door to the conversations that can turn shared interests or common membership into personal connection. 4610

Answer 340

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 341

Urban planning, architecture, and technology can each foster redundancy and multistrandedness by creating opportunities for encounters that knit together existing ties. 4611

Answer 341

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 342

leaders recognized the importance of shared space for building community. 4615

Answer 342

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 343

(designed to foster common conversations and repeated encounters). 4620

Answer 343

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 344

Saving “inefficient” local post offices would have made more sense if their contribution to community building had been part of the cost-benefit equation. 4623

Answer 344

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 345

they provide a common space for common arguments. 4627

Answer 345

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 346

new communications technologies to be most important as support and stimulus for long-standing forms of community, rather than as instigators of radically new “virtual communities” 4630

Answer 346

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 347

Craigslist, too, is both a crossroads and a clearinghouse for a physical community: the greater Bay Area. 4634

Answer 347

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 348

Computer-based technology matters not because it can create some new and separate form of virtual community, but because it can broaden and deepen and strengthen our physical communities. 4643

Answer 348

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 349

Like plazas and parks, local newspapers, and neighborhood libraries, Internet technology could create social spaces within which we see how our numerous networks of interest and interaction overlap and intersect. 4646

Answer 349

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 350

Over the past generation, America’s communities have undergone profound social and cultural changes, which meant that as the new millennium dawned, we were no longer building the dense webs of encounter and participation so vital to the health of ourselves, our families, and our polities. 4651

Answer 350

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein

Question 351

suburban sprawl that bifurcates our communities of residence from our communities of work.15 4654

Answer 351

Better Together: Restoring the American Community by Robert D. Putnam, Lewis Feldstein