Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal > Benign MSK tumours > Flashcards

Benign MSK tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is a benign tumour of fat cells known as?

A

Lipoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a benign tumour of blood vessels known as?

A

Haemangioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a benign tumour of smooth muscle known as?

A

Leiomyoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a benign tumour of skeletal or cardiac muscle known as?

A

Rhabdomyoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a benign tumour of cartilage known as?

A

Chondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a benign tumour of bone known as?

A

Osteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some benign, superficial tumours that do cause pain (most don’t)?

A

These are known as the ANGEL tumours:

  • A - Angiolipoma
  • N - Neuroma (Traumatic)
  • G - Glomus tumour (Nail beds)
  • E - Eccrine spiradenoma (Skin adnexal tumour)
  • L - cutaneous Leiomyoma (Of erector pilae)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are lipomas?

A

Lipomas are benign tumours of fat cells and are the most common soft tissue tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where can lipomas be found?

A

They usually occur in the subcutaneous fat, however, they can occur in muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some types of lipoma?

A
  • Simple
  • Intramuscular
  • Fibrolipoma
  • Angiolipoma
  • Splindle cell lipoma - Usually on neck
  • Pleomorphic lipoma - Usually on neck
  • Atypical lipoma - Superficial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some features suggestive of a lipoma?

A
  • Smaller size
  • Fluctuations in size (Malignant tumorus don’t regress)
  • Cystic lesions
  • Well-defined lesions
  • Fluid filled lesions
  • Soft/fatty lesion
  • Painless and non-tender
  • No overlying skin changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are lipomas usually managed?

A

Management is based on symptoms and can either be left alone, or surgically excised if causing symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do leiomyomas most commonly affect?

A

Uterine fibroid lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some MSK locations of leiomyomas?

A

Erector pilae
Deeper soft tissues and muscularis of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the histology of leiomyomas

A

Histologically, they will show fascicles of spindle cells, cigar shaped nuclei and few mitoses
Usually 1-2cm in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What will be shown on immunohistochemistry in leiomyomas?

A

Actin
Desmin
Caldesmon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are enchondromas?

A

These are intramedullary and usually metaphyseal cartilaginous tumours, caused by failure of normal enchondral ossification at the growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who is most at risk of enchondroma?

A

Ages 20-50
Those will Ollier’s and Maffuci syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do enchondromas usually present?

A

Many are incidentally found and are usually asymptomatic, however, they can weaken bone, leading to pathological fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the most commonly affected bones by enchondroma?

A

Small bones of the hands and feet, however, they can also affect the femur, humerus and tibia
Lesions in the digits are almost never malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What will X-ray show in enchondroma?

A

A lucent lesion on imaging, with possible patchy sclerotic appearance

22
Q

How are enchondromas managed?

A

Once a fracture has healed, or if there is a risk of impending fracture, they may be scraped out (Curettage) and filled with bone graft to strengthen the bone

23
Q

What is an osteochondroma?

A

These are benign lesions derived from aberrant cartilage from the perichondral ring

These are the most common benign bone tumours

24
Q

Who are osteochonrdomas common in?

A

They are common in adolescents and young adults (10-20 years)

25
Q

What are some possible causes of osteochondroma?

A

Trauma
Multiple Hereditary Exostosis

26
Q

Describe the pathology of an osteochondroma

A

Osteochondromas produce a bone outgrowth on the external surface with a cartilaginous cap

27
Q

How may osteochondromas present?

A

as a painless, hard lump, commonly near the knee at the distal femur or proximal tibia

There may be some symptoms with activity, such as pain from tendons or numbness from nerve compression

28
Q

What investigation is required in osteochondroma?

A

X-ray

29
Q

What will X-ray show in osteochondroma?

A

Cartilage capped ossified pedicle

30
Q

How are osteochondromas managed?

A

Close observation, as there is a small risk of malignant transformation (<1%) so any lesion that grows in size or causes pain may require excision

31
Q

Why is risk of malignant transformation increased in MHE?

A

There are more tumours

32
Q

What are chondromyxoid fibromas>

A

Chondromyxoid fibromas are tumours of the articular cartilage

33
Q

Describe the histology of chondromyxoid fibromas

A

The are characterised by variable amounts of chondroid, fibromatoid and myxoid elements

34
Q

Who is most at risk of developing chondromyxoid fibromas?

A

Older children and young adults

35
Q

To what age group os cardiac rhabdomyoma limited to?

A

Paediatric age group

36
Q

What are some complications of cardiac rhabdomyoma?

A

Valvular obstruction
Occupation of cardiac chambers

37
Q

Where can rhabdymyomas form outside of the heart?

A

Head and neck in older patients

38
Q

What are the main causes of rhabdomyomas?

A

50% of cases are caused by sporadic mutations

50% are associated with tuberose sclerosis and mutations of TSC1 and 2

39
Q

What bones are most commonly affected by osteomas?

A

Cranial bones

40
Q

What condition can lead to multiple osteoma formation?

A

Gardener’s syndrome

41
Q

What are osteoid osteomas?

A

These are benign bone-forming tumours

42
Q

Who is most at risk of developing osteoid osteomas?

A

Adolescents
Males

43
Q

What bones are most commonly affected by osteoid osteomas?

A

Appendicular skeleton, most commonly femur and tibia

44
Q

What region of bone is most commonly affected by osteoid osteoma?

A

Cortex

45
Q

Describe the histology of osteoid osteoma

A

Osteoid bone and tumour cells form the nidus (Nest) of the tumour, with reactive bone surrounding it

46
Q

How will osteoid osteomas present?

A

These are lesions of less than 2cm

They cause intense constant pain, worse at night due to the intense inflammatory response

Pain is greatly relieved by NSAIDs or aspirin

47
Q

What are some investigations that can be used in osteoid osteoma?

A

X-ray
Bone scans
CT

48
Q

What will CT show in osteoid osteoma?

A

CT will show a small nidus of immature bone, surrounded by an intense sclerotic halo (Osteoblastic rim)

49
Q

How are osteoid osteomas managed?

A

The lesion may resolve spontaneously over time, however, some cases may require CT guided radio-frequency ablation or en bloc excision

50
Q

What are osteoblastomas?

A

These are larger tumours of bone, which involve the vertebrae posterorly

51
Q

How do osteoblastomas differ from osteoid osteoma in presentation?

A

Pain will not be responsive to aspirin

52
Q
A

Musculoskeletal (123 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions