9. Diseases of the pericardium. Heartworm disease. Flashcards
congenital pericardial diseases
pericardial cysts
partial defects
PPDH
what is PPDH
peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia
what is pericardial effusion
build up of excess fluid
predisposition of pericardial effusion
large dogs
males
over 5yrs
causes of pericardial effusion in cats
idiopathic
heart failure
FIP
cardiomyopathy, lymphoma, uraemia
causes of pericardial effusion in dogs
idiopathic
cardiac neoplasia
mesothelioma
pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
transudate
CHF, PPDH, Hypoalbuminaemia, infection cause an increase in vascular permeability
pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
exudative
(non) infectious pericarditis
pathogenesis of haemorrhages pericardial effusion
neoplasia
idiopathic
trauma
hemostatic disorder
pericardial mass
what can pericardial effusion lead to
cardiac tamponade -> v. cava compression, RA, RV coronary compression
Clinical signs of pericardial effusion
ascites
abdomen distension
tachycardia
pale/ cyanotic mm
collapse
vomitting
exercise intolerance
weakness
depression
dyspnoea
weak femoral pulse
jugular distension and pule
auscultation of pericardial effusion
weak/ absent heart beat
muffled heart sounds
pathology of pericardial effusion
hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
sc oedema
echo in case of pericardial effusion
visualisation of tamponade
fluid filled sac
pericardial fluid
tumours
abnormal cardiac motion
collapse of RS chamber
ECG in case of pericardial effusion
usually normal
decreased R waves/ alternating R wave
ST - T elevation
sinus tachycardia
Xray of pericardial effusion
enlarged cardiac silhouette
dilated caudal vena cava
tracheal dislocation
venous congestion
hepatomegaly
ascites
treatment of pericardial effusion
us guided pericardiocentesis
no diuretics
ab, antiinflam
where to put in needle for us guided pericardiocentesis
ICS 4-5
constrictive pericardial disease
thickening/ scarring of pericardial layers & fluid
Clinical signs of constrictive pericardial disease
RS CHF
abdominal distension
tachypnoea
laboured breathing
syncope
weight loss
echo of constrictive pericardial disease
pericardial fluid
thickened echogenic pericardium
decreased diastolic chamber size
Diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease
echo
hepatojugular reflex test
cardiac catheterisation
treatment of constrictive pericardial disease
subtotal pericardiectomy
when is prognosis of constrictive pericardial disease good
if epicardium and pericardium arent fused
where do adult Heartworms live
pulmonary artery
vector of Heartworm
mosquitoes
host and reservoir of Heartworm
dogs and candids
name of Heartworm disease
heartworm, associated resp disease
severity of Heartworm is dependant ono
no. of worms
how long theyve been present
body rxns
exercise and size of animal
live adult Heartworm can cause
mechanical trauma
immunosuppression
damage of intime of blood vessels
dead adult Heartworm
more severe vascular reactions
thrombi causeing embolism, inflammation and fibrosis
what does inflammation cause in case of Heartworm
hypoxaemia -> vasoconstriction -> bronchoconstriction -> oedema and inflammation
what is possible after treatment of Heartworm
thromboembolism
other consequences of Heartworm
liver damage
cirrhosis
glomerulonephritis
clinical signs of the mild form of Heartworm
none
chronic cough
clinical signs of moderate Heartworm
cough
eoistaxis
exercise intolerance
abnormal lung sounds
Clinical signs of severe form of Heartworm
cough
epistaxis
exercise intolerance
dyspnoea
abnormal heart and lung sounds
hepatomegaly
syncope
ascites
what is caval synodrome
adult worms are displaced to RV
symptoms of caval syndrome
sudden lethargy
weakness
haemoglobinuria
RS CHF
tricuspid murmur
clinical signs of Heartworm in cats
bronchitis
asthma
cough
dyspnoea
intermittent vomiting
lethargy
diagnosis of Heartworm
antigen testing
drip test
bloods
echo
ecg
xray
tracheal wash
bloods of Heartworm
eosinophilia
basophilia
neutrophilia
moncytosis
what is seen in an echo in Heartworm
RA/ RV dilation
RV hypertrophy
pul artery dilation
paradoxical septal motion
small left heart
treatment of Heartworm
melarsomine
moxidectin
prevention of Heartworm
test for worms and microfilaria
prevention with macrocyclic lactones
prognosis of Heartworm
good/ guarded depending on severity
caval syndrome is poor/ grave
