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SAM Final > 4. Diseases of the thoracic cavity > Flashcards

4. Diseases of the thoracic cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Signs of Pleural Effusions

A

Inspiratory Dyspnoea
Delayed expiration
Extended neck
Tachypnoea
Open mouth breathing
Cyanosis

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2
Q

Percussion findings of Pleural Effusions

A

horizontal dullness
diernhofer dullness

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3
Q

Types of pleural effusions

A

Hydrothorax
Pyothorax
Chylothorax
Haemothorax

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4
Q

hydrothorax definition

A

transudate accumulated in pleural cavity

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5
Q

Cause of Hydrothorax

A

CHF (cats)
Hypoalbuminaemia
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Portal hypertension

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6
Q

Pyothorax definition

A

purulent exudate in the pleural cavity

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7
Q

Cause of Pyothorax

A

penetrating thoracic wounds
anaerobic bacteria
fip
Gi/ CV diseasess
Pulmonary embolism
Haematogenous metastasis

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8
Q

example of anaerobic bacteria

A

Nocardia Asteroides

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9
Q

Diagnosis of Pyothorax

A

cytology
culture
total protein

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10
Q

Therapy of Pyothorax

A

Thoracocentesis
Chest tubing
AB
Analgesia
Thoracic drainage

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11
Q

Chylothorax definition

A

modified lymphatic fluid in pleural cavity

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12
Q

how does lymphatic fluid get into pleural space

A

from lymphatic vessels to thoracic duct to cranial vena cava

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13
Q

Cause of Chylothorax

A

decreased lymphatic drainage

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14
Q

causes of lymphatic drainage

A

congenital
idiopathic
non traumatic
traumatic

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15
Q

Diagnosis of Chylothorax

A

Thoracocentesis
Cytology
More triglyceride than blood

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16
Q

Therapy of Chylothorax

A

Thoracocentesis
treat underlying cause
low fat diet

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17
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

air accumulation in pleural space

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18
Q

What is the difference btw pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum

A

Thorax = btw lung and chest wall
mediastinum - central

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19
Q

Classification of pneumothorax

A

traumatic
spontaneous

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20
Q

cause of traumatic pneumothorax

A

blunt trauma
penetrating injuries

21
Q

cause of spontaneous pneumothorax

A

idiopathic
secondary
simple/ complicated / tensioned
open/ closed

22
Q

Clinical signs of pneumothorax

A

inspiratory dyspnoea
decreased heart and lung and resp sounds
cyanosis
increased resonance
underlying trauma

23
Q

Diagnosis of pneumothorax

A

physical exam
thoracocentesis
xray

24
Q

Xray of pneumothorax

A

elevation of heart from sternum
demarcation of intrathoracic organs
lung lobe compression
no visible pulmonary vascular structures

25
Q

Treatment of pneumothorax

A

Thoracocentesis
Chest tubing
Rest, Oxygen
Surgery
blood patch pleurodesis

26
Q

cause of simple ptx

A

thoracocentesis

27
Q

cause of complicated ptx

A

repeated accumulation of air
damaging the drainage

28
Q

cause of tension ptx

A

tear in lung or chest wall creating a flap valve to allow more air into pleural cavity

29
Q

Definition of Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Abdominal contents enter the thoracic cavity

30
Q

Classification of Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Pleuroperitoneal/ Peritopericardial
Traumatic / Congenital

31
Q

Clinical Signs of Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

Mixed or inspiratoy dyspnoea
Shock
Stomach Distension
Dullness
Asymmetrical resp. noise
Cyanosis
Arrhythmia

32
Q

Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

physical exam
xray
US
thoracocentesis (blood tinged fluid)

33
Q

Therapy of Diaphragmatic Hernia

34
Q

Another name for Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

pleural effusion

35
Q

what is Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

a build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside of the lung

36
Q

Cause of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
increased permeability of capillaries
increased hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space
decreased oncotic pressure
problems with lymphatic drainage

37
Q

Where does fluid originate from

A

pulmonary capillaries
Systemic capillaries
Abdomen
Lymphatic vessels

38
Q

Percussion of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

horizontal dullness
diernohofer triangle disappears

39
Q

Auscultation of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

bronchial sounds above fluid
no sounds under the fluid

40
Q

Diagnosis of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

Xray
US
CBC
electrolytes
Urea
Thoracocetesis

41
Q

Xray of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

A

blunting on costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle

42
Q

cause of fluid if it originates pulmonary capillaries

A

Decreased; plasma oncotic pressure & pleural pressure

43
Q

cause of fluid if it originates systemic capillaries

A

Increased; vascular permeability & venous pressure

44
Q

cause of fluid if it originates abdomen

A

cardiac disease
FIP
diaphragmatic hernia
heartworm
idiopathic
lung lobe torsion
pancreatitis
pericardial disease
neoplasm

45
Q

cause of fluid if it originates lymphatic vessels

A

blockage
compression
increased venous pressure
injury from chemo/ radiation
limitation of resp motion

46
Q

Haemothorax definition

A

blood in pleural cavity

47
Q

cause of haemothorax

A

trauma
neoplasia
coagulopathies
ruptured granuloma
thymus apoplexy

48
Q

Treatment of haemothorax

A

chest drain
treat underlying disease
thoracic lavage
surgery

SAM Final (48 decks)

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