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SAM Final > 1. Diseases of the nasal cavity and pharynx > Flashcards

1. Diseases of the nasal cavity and pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

history of diseases of nasal cavity and pharynx

A

discharge
sneezing
bleeding
pain
stridor
dyspnoea
reverse sneezing

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2
Q

discharge is an indicator of which systemic disease

A

distemper
rhinotracheitis

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3
Q

epistaxis is an indicator of which systemic disease

A

bleeding disorders

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4
Q

physical exam of nasal cavity

A

shape
nasal stridor
closing of mouth
discharge
unilateral / bilateral
inspection of mouth, teeth
depigmentation of teeth

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5
Q

special diagnostic aids for nasal cavity

A

xray
rhinoscopy
ct
mri
olfactory tests

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6
Q

how to do a rhinoscopy

A

anaesthesia
tracheal intubation
sphynx - like position

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7
Q

congenital diseases of the nasal cavity

A

malformation of the nasal plane
oronasal/ oropharyngeal clefts
PCD (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
Kartagener’s syndrome

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8
Q

what is PCD

A

genetic dysfunction of the respiratory tract’s cilia
Thus no mucus clearance from lungs, paranasal sinuses and middle ear
Leading to respiratory infections

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9
Q

What is Kartagener’s syndrome

A

a type of PCD associated with a mirror image orientation of the heart and other internal organs

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10
Q

causes of viral rhinitis in Cats

A

FHV-1 (herpes)
FCV (calci)

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11
Q

Clinical signs of Viral Rhinitis in Cats

A

paroxysmal sneezing
serous ocular/ nasal discharge –> mucopurulent within 5 days

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12
Q

Specific Clinical signs of FHV

A

conjunctivitis
corneal ulcer

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13
Q

Specific Clinical Signs of FCV

A

Mild ocular signs
oral ulcer
gingivitis
lameness
chronic carriers have no clinical signs
sneezing
mild nasal discharge
gingivial ulceration

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14
Q

diagnosis of Viral Rhinitis in Cats

A

PCR with conjunctival swab

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15
Q

Treatment of Viral Rhinitis in Cats

A

Prevention
Supportive Therapy : nebulisation, AB for secondary infection

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16
Q

causes of Viral Rhinitis in Dogs

A

Kennel Cough - Canine Distemper
CHV (herpes)

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17
Q

Specific Clinical signs of Canine Distemper

A

profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge

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18
Q

Diagnosis of Canine Distemper

A

PCR

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19
Q

Specific Clinical signs of CHV

A

Mucopurulent nasal discharge in puppies

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20
Q

Diagnosis of CHV

A

autopsy

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21
Q

Primary infection : Bacterial Rhinitis

A

Pasteurella
Strep
Staph
Bordetella
Chlamydia

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22
Q

Main cause of Bacterial Rhinitis

A

usually a secondary infection to viral infections, foreign bodies, tumour, disrupted mucosa

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23
Q

Diagnosis of Bacterial Rhinitis

A

Conjunctival swab
PCR

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24
Q

Treatment of Bacterial Rhinitis

A

Treat underlying disease
AB (doxycycline for 3 weeks)

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25
Q

Which animal is more susceptible to mycotic rhinitis

A

dog > cat

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26
Q

mycotic rhinitis cause

A

Aspergillus > cryptococcus
Opportunistic infection
House dust
Bird cages
Foreign Bodies

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27
Q

Clinical Signs of mycotic rhinitis

A

nasal dishcarge
depigmentation
pain
epistaxis

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28
Q

What is seen in a rhinoscopy of mycotic rhinitis

A

Plaques
Bone resorption
Atrophy of conchae

29
Q

Treatment of mycotic rhinitis

A

Topical clotrimazole gel
PO itraconazole for 8 weeks

30
Q

Cause of specific rhinitis

A

Polyps
Foreign Bodies
Allergic Rhinitis

31
Q

Which animal is more susceptible to Polyps

32
Q

what can Polyps lead to

A

horner’s syndrome

33
Q

Location of Polyps

A

unilateral/ bilateral
nasal cavity/ nasopharynx

34
Q

Clinical signs of Polyps

A

Extension of neck and panting
anxiety

35
Q

Diagnosis of Polyps

A

Based on clinical signs
Rhinoscopy
Radiography
Biopsy

36
Q

Treatment of Polyps

A

Surgery
Polyp Recurrence –> bull osteotomy

37
Q

Prognosis of Polyps

A

Excellent
any horner’s syndrome usually resolves within a month

38
Q

Clinical signs of Foreign bodies

A

Sudden sneezing
pain
unilateral serous nasal discharge

39
Q

Diagnosis of Foreign bodies

A

Rhinoscopy
Nasal Flush
Scooping
Xray

40
Q

Treatment of Foreign bodies

A

removal
AB

41
Q

Clinical signs of Allergic rhinitis

A

serous discharge
sneezing

42
Q

Tumours of Nasal Cavity

A

SCC
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma

43
Q

What age are tumours of the Nasal Cavity most likely to occur in

44
Q

Clinical signs of Nasal Cavity Tumours

A

Rhinitis
Epistaxis

45
Q

Diagnosis of Tumours of the Nasal Cavity

A

Rhinoscopy
Biopsy
CT
MRI
Xray

46
Q

Treatment of Tumours of the Nasal Cavity

A

Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Euthanisia may be justified in case of bleeding
dyspnoea or aphagia

47
Q

Epistaxis Definition

A

Bleeding from the nose

48
Q

Causes of epistaxis

A

Aspergillosis
Tumour
Trauma
DIC
Coagulopathy
Thrombocytopenia
Hypertension
Leishmaniosis

49
Q

Diagnosis of Epistaxis

A

Xray
Rhinoscopy
(delay for 48hrs from point of bleeding)

50
Q

Treatment of epistaxis

A

Nasal Tamponade

51
Q

General anatomy of the pharynx

A

oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx

52
Q

History of disorders of the pharynx

A

Dysphagia
Coughing
Gagging
Regurgitation
Salivation

53
Q

Physical exam of the pharynx

A

sedation may be needed
Maybe intubation

54
Q

Diagnostic procedures of pharynx

A

Pharyngoscopy
Retrograde rhinoscopy
Video fluoroscopy
CT of middle ear
US

55
Q

Diseases of the pharynx

A

Foreign body
Retropharyngeal abscess
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Nasopharyngeal stenosis

56
Q

Which animal is more susceptible to forerign bodies in the pharynx

A

dogs > cats

57
Q

Clinical signs of Foreign bodies in the pharynx

A

sudden salivation after eating bones
fever
dysphagia
dyspnoea

58
Q

Retropharyngeal abscess

A

migrating foreign body
difficult to diagnose

59
Q

Clinical signs of Retropharyngeal abscess

A

salivation
fever
dysphagia
painful neck

60
Q

Lab diagnosis of Retropharyngeal abscess

A

increased WBC

61
Q

Nasopharyngeal stenosis is most common in what animal

A

young cats

62
Q

clinical signs of Nasopharyngeal stenosis

A

open mouth breathingd

63
Q

diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal stenosis

64
Q

treatment of Nasopharyngeal stenosis

A

surgery
balloon dilation

65
Q

Soft palate abnormalities

A

Elongated soft palate
cleft palate
soft palate hypoplasia

66
Q

Clinical signs of elongated soft palate

A

Stertorous (noisy/ laboured) breathing
exercise intolerance
collapse
gagging

common in brachycephalic dogs

67
Q

Cleft palate

A

Neonatal patients
can lead to milk nares –> aspiration
treatment with surgery

68
Q

Soft palate hypoplasia clinical signs

A

Gagging
reverse sneezing

common in brachycephalic dogs

SAM Final (48 decks)

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