1. Diseases of the nasal cavity and pharynx Flashcards
history of diseases of nasal cavity and pharynx
discharge
sneezing
bleeding
pain
stridor
dyspnoea
reverse sneezing
discharge is an indicator of which systemic disease
distemper
rhinotracheitis
epistaxis is an indicator of which systemic disease
bleeding disorders
physical exam of nasal cavity
shape
nasal stridor
closing of mouth
discharge
unilateral / bilateral
inspection of mouth, teeth
depigmentation of teeth
special diagnostic aids for nasal cavity
xray
rhinoscopy
ct
mri
olfactory tests
how to do a rhinoscopy
anaesthesia
tracheal intubation
sphynx - like position
congenital diseases of the nasal cavity
malformation of the nasal plane
oronasal/ oropharyngeal clefts
PCD (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
Kartagener’s syndrome
what is PCD
genetic dysfunction of the respiratory tract’s cilia
Thus no mucus clearance from lungs, paranasal sinuses and middle ear
Leading to respiratory infections
What is Kartagener’s syndrome
a type of PCD associated with a mirror image orientation of the heart and other internal organs
causes of viral rhinitis in Cats
FHV-1 (herpes)
FCV (calci)
Clinical signs of Viral Rhinitis in Cats
paroxysmal sneezing
serous ocular/ nasal discharge –> mucopurulent within 5 days
Specific Clinical signs of FHV
conjunctivitis
corneal ulcer
Specific Clinical Signs of FCV
Mild ocular signs
oral ulcer
gingivitis
lameness
chronic carriers have no clinical signs
sneezing
mild nasal discharge
gingivial ulceration
diagnosis of Viral Rhinitis in Cats
PCR with conjunctival swab
Treatment of Viral Rhinitis in Cats
Prevention
Supportive Therapy : nebulisation, AB for secondary infection
causes of Viral Rhinitis in Dogs
Kennel Cough - Canine Distemper
CHV (herpes)
Specific Clinical signs of Canine Distemper
profuse mucopurulent nasal discharge
Diagnosis of Canine Distemper
PCR
Specific Clinical signs of CHV
Mucopurulent nasal discharge in puppies
Diagnosis of CHV
autopsy
Primary infection : Bacterial Rhinitis
Pasteurella
Strep
Staph
Bordetella
Chlamydia
Main cause of Bacterial Rhinitis
usually a secondary infection to viral infections, foreign bodies, tumour, disrupted mucosa
Diagnosis of Bacterial Rhinitis
Conjunctival swab
PCR
Treatment of Bacterial Rhinitis
Treat underlying disease
AB (doxycycline for 3 weeks)
Which animal is more susceptible to mycotic rhinitis
dog > cat
mycotic rhinitis cause
Aspergillus > cryptococcus
Opportunistic infection
House dust
Bird cages
Foreign Bodies
Clinical Signs of mycotic rhinitis
nasal dishcarge
depigmentation
pain
epistaxis
What is seen in a rhinoscopy of mycotic rhinitis
Plaques
Bone resorption
Atrophy of conchae
Treatment of mycotic rhinitis
Topical clotrimazole gel
PO itraconazole for 8 weeks
Cause of specific rhinitis
Polyps
Foreign Bodies
Allergic Rhinitis
Which animal is more susceptible to Polyps
Cat > dog
what can Polyps lead to
horner’s syndrome
Location of Polyps
unilateral/ bilateral
nasal cavity/ nasopharynx
Clinical signs of Polyps
Extension of neck and panting
anxiety
Diagnosis of Polyps
Based on clinical signs
Rhinoscopy
Radiography
Biopsy
Treatment of Polyps
Surgery
Polyp Recurrence –> bull osteotomy
Prognosis of Polyps
Excellent
any horner’s syndrome usually resolves within a month
Clinical signs of Foreign bodies
Sudden sneezing
pain
unilateral serous nasal discharge
Diagnosis of Foreign bodies
Rhinoscopy
Nasal Flush
Scooping
Xray
Treatment of Foreign bodies
removal
AB
Clinical signs of Allergic rhinitis
serous discharge
sneezing
Tumours of Nasal Cavity
SCC
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
What age are tumours of the Nasal Cavity most likely to occur in
<5yrs
Clinical signs of Nasal Cavity Tumours
Rhinitis
Epistaxis
Diagnosis of Tumours of the Nasal Cavity
Rhinoscopy
Biopsy
CT
MRI
Xray
Treatment of Tumours of the Nasal Cavity
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Euthanisia may be justified in case of bleeding
dyspnoea or aphagia
Epistaxis Definition
Bleeding from the nose
Causes of epistaxis
Aspergillosis
Tumour
Trauma
DIC
Coagulopathy
Thrombocytopenia
Hypertension
Leishmaniosis
Diagnosis of Epistaxis
Xray
Rhinoscopy
(delay for 48hrs from point of bleeding)
Treatment of epistaxis
Nasal Tamponade
General anatomy of the pharynx
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
History of disorders of the pharynx
Dysphagia
Coughing
Gagging
Regurgitation
Salivation
Physical exam of the pharynx
sedation may be needed
Maybe intubation
Diagnostic procedures of pharynx
Pharyngoscopy
Retrograde rhinoscopy
Video fluoroscopy
CT of middle ear
US
Diseases of the pharynx
Foreign body
Retropharyngeal abscess
Nasopharyngeal polyps
Nasopharyngeal stenosis
Which animal is more susceptible to forerign bodies in the pharynx
dogs > cats
Clinical signs of Foreign bodies in the pharynx
sudden salivation after eating bones
fever
dysphagia
dyspnoea
Retropharyngeal abscess
migrating foreign body
difficult to diagnose
Clinical signs of Retropharyngeal abscess
salivation
fever
dysphagia
painful neck
Lab diagnosis of Retropharyngeal abscess
increased WBC
Nasopharyngeal stenosis is most common in what animal
young cats
clinical signs of Nasopharyngeal stenosis
open mouth breathingd
diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal stenosis
endoscopy
treatment of Nasopharyngeal stenosis
surgery
balloon dilation
Soft palate abnormalities
Elongated soft palate
cleft palate
soft palate hypoplasia
Clinical signs of elongated soft palate
Stertorous (noisy/ laboured) breathing
exercise intolerance
collapse
gagging
common in brachycephalic dogs
Cleft palate
Neonatal patients
can lead to milk nares –> aspiration
treatment with surgery
Soft palate hypoplasia clinical signs
Gagging
reverse sneezing
common in brachycephalic dogs