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SAM Final > 39. Congenital and neoplastic diseases of the nervous system in dogs and cats > Flashcards

39. Congenital and neoplastic diseases of the nervous system in dogs and cats Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital brain diseases

A

Hydrocephalus
Lissencephaly
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Chiai- like malformation
Syringomyelia

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2
Q

Hydrocephalus definition

A

Increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid
Abnormal dilation of the cranial ventricular system

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3
Q

Predisposed to Hydrocephalus

A

Dog
Toy breed
Brachys
Persian cat

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4
Q

4 types of Hydrocephalus

A

Compensatory Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Non- communicating Hydrocephalus

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5
Q

Compensatory Hydrocephalus

A

CSF replaces the lost parenchyma

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6
Q

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

A

Flow/ Absorption of CSF is obstructed

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7
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A

Flow btw ventricles

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8
Q

Non communicating Hydrocephalus

A

obstruction
no flow btw ventricles

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9
Q

How is congenital Hydrocephalus cause

A

Defect of
- the drainage canals and foramina btw ventricles
- btw ventricles and subarachnoid space
- absorptive mechanism

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10
Q

Acquired Hydrocephalus is caused by

A

neoplasia
inflammation
trauma

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11
Q

What can cause intrauterine infection leading to Hydrocephalus

A

FIP
Toxoplasma

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Hydrocephalus

A

Increased intracranial pressure in foetus before the syndesmosis of skull fuses —-> hydrocephalus and enlarged cranium

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Hydrocephalus

A

Skull deformity
enlarged head
patent fontanelles
cerebral dysfunction
Bilateral strabismus
Slow postural reflexes
Poor proprioception
Dull
excitement
depression
blindness
seizures
tetraparesis
Increased IOP

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14
Q

Lissencephaly definition

A

Smooth brain
None/ minimal gyri and sulci on brain
Thickened cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Clinical signs of Lissencephaly

A

Learning difficulty
Abnormal behaviour

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16
Q

Predisposed to Lissencephaly

A

Inherited abnormality
Lhasa Apso

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17
Q

Cerebellar Hypoplasia definition

A

Cerebellar malformation
ventricular dilation
lissencephaly

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18
Q

Contraction of Cerebellar Hypoplasia

A

After utero-perinatal infection with Parvo

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19
Q

Chiari like malformation definition

A

Herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum

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20
Q

Predisposed to Chiari like malformation

A

King charles

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21
Q

Cause of Chiari like malformation

A

Short cranium
Occipital malformation

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22
Q

Syringomyelia definition

A

Multifocal/ continuous cavitation in the spinal cord parenchyma
Occurs secondary to cerebellar herniation

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23
Q

Clinical signs of syringomyelia

A

Excessive scratching
proprioceptive ataxia
postural reaction deficits
neuropathic pain

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24
Q

Hydromyelia defintion

A

Dilation of spinal cord’s central canal

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25
Q

Congenital and Acquired Spinal cord diseases

A

Wobbler Syndrome
Atlantoaxial Luxation
Myelomalatia
Degenerative Myelopathy
Spinal Cord Neoplasia
Intravertebral disc disease

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26
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

Hyporeflexia
Weakness
Decreased muscle resting tone
Decreased muscle tone with movement

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27
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Hyperreflexia
Maintenance of strength
Increased muscle resting tone
Spasticity of limbs

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28
Q

Wobbler Syndrome definition

A

Soft tissue alteration –> spinal cord compression
Static or dynamic

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29
Q

Predisposed to Wobbler Syndrome

A

Great dane - bony malformation of cervical vertebrae
Dobermann - soft tissue hypertrophy/ redundancy. Disc disease

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30
Q

Clinical signs of Wobbler Syndrome

A

Hyperreflexia (HL)
Shortened FL strides
Tetraplegia
Proprioception deficit
Cervial pain
Ataxia (FL)
Lowered Head

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31
Q

Xray of Wobbler Syndrome

A

Vertebral malformation
stenotic spinal canla
narrow intervertebral space
exostosis

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32
Q

Myelography of Wobbler Syndrome

A

Essential to find the side of compression

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33
Q

Treatment of Wobbler Syndrome

A

GCC
NSAIDS
Neck bandages
surgery

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34
Q

Atlantoaxial Luxation definition

A

Dorsal luxation of C2
minimal intervertebral movement

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35
Q

Predisposed to Atlantoaxial Luxation

A

Toy breeds

36
Q

Clinical signs of Atlantoaxial Luxation

A

Neck pain —> ataxia —> tetraplegia

37
Q

Myelomalatia definition

A

Acute, progressive and ischaemic necrosis of spinal cord after injury —> area of necrosis spreads

38
Q

Degenerative myelopathy definition

A

Progressive ataxia and paresis of HL

39
Q

Predisposed to Degenerative myelopathy

A

Older dogs

40
Q

Clinical signs of Degenerative myelopathy

A

Non painful
Loss of HL reflexes
Paresis of FL
Urinary incontinence
Faecal incontinence

41
Q

Treatment of Degenerative myelopathy

A

None
Physio may prolong survival

42
Q

Spinal cord neoplasia classified by

A

location

43
Q

Types of Spinal cord neoplasia

A

Extradural
Subarachnoid
Intramedullary

44
Q

Intramedullary Spinal cord neoplasia

A

Glioma
Lymphomasarcoma
Haemangiosarcoma

45
Q

Subarachnoid Spinal cord neoplasia

A

nerve sheath tumours
meningioma
lymphosarcoma
neuroepithelioma

46
Q

Extradural Spinal cord neoplasia

A

Haemangiosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
lymphosarcom
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma

47
Q

Intervertebral disc herniation definition

A

Displacement of part of a disc
mostly secondary to a pre-existing degeneration of the disc

48
Q

Clincial signs of disc herniation

A

Pain
Neurological deficit

49
Q

IVDD types

A

Hansen 1
Hansen 2

50
Q

Hansen 1

A

Extrusion
Full rupture of annulus fibrosus
Prolapse of nucleus pulposus into vertebral canal

51
Q

Clinical signs of Hansen 1

A

Spinal cord compression - swelling, necrosis
Ascending/ descending myelomalacia
acute onset paresis/ paralysis

52
Q

Hansen 2

A

Protrusion
Partial rupture of annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus bulges into vertebral canal

53
Q

Hansen 2 clinical signs

A

Chronic onset of paresis/paralysis
spinal cord compression

54
Q

progression of
Clinical signs of IVDD

A

Pain ->
Propionic deficit –>
Mild paresis & ataxia –>
Severe paresis & ataxia –>
Paraplegia with intact pain sensation –>
Paraplegia with no pain sensation

55
Q

Grading of IVDD

A

Hyperaesthesia
Mild paraparesis
Moderate paraparesis
Severe paraparesis & ataxia
Paraplegia

56
Q

Rehabilitation of IVDD

A
  1. Post OP- cryotherapy, nsaids
  2. Supporting weight
  3. acheive good motor function
  4. achieve normal gait
  5. normal gait and strengthening
57
Q

Other IVDD

A

spondylosis deformans
Discospondylosis
fibrocartilage embolims
Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

58
Q

spondylosis deformans cause

A

Intervertebral disc degeneration —> joint laxity —> osteophyte build up –> locomotion disorders

59
Q

Treatment of spondylosis deformans

A

Nsaids
Analgesia
Surgery

60
Q

Discospondylosis pathomechanism

A

Bacterial infection —> haematogenous spead —> spinal chord lesions

61
Q

CLinical signs of Discospondylosis

A

pain
Ataxia
Paralysis

62
Q

Diagnosis of Discospondylosis

A

xray
ct

63
Q

Treatment of Discospondylosis

A

AB for 2-6months

64
Q

Fibrocartilage embolism pathomechanism

A

embolism composed of cartilage –> ischaemia & necrosis of spinal cord –> neurological deficit

65
Q

Predisposed to Fibrocartilage embolism

A

Lab
g. shepherd
Retriever
Dobermann

66
Q

CLinical signs of Fibrocartilage embolism

A

Unilateral
Sudden paralysis & pain at site of injury
Max neurological deficit at 1-2 days

67
Q

Diagnosis of Fibrocartilage embolism

A

MRI

68
Q

Treatment of Fibrocartilage embolism

A

GCC
rehab

69
Q

another name for Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

A

cauda equina syndrome

70
Q

Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column defintion

A

compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots

71
Q

Aetiology of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

A

Discus hernia
Ligament hypertrophy
subluxation

72
Q

Clinical signs of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

A

Progressive HL paralysis
faecal incontinence
urinary incontinence
ataxia
pain
tail paralysis

73
Q

Diagnosis of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

A

Xray
CT
myelography
MRI

74
Q

Treatment of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column

A

Cage rest
gcc
nsaids
surgery

75
Q

Primary Brain tumours of dog

A

Meningioma
glioma
choroid plexus tumour
histiolytic sarcoma
lymphoma

76
Q

Primary Brain tumours of cat

A

meningioma
glioma
lymphoma

77
Q

Secondary Brain tumours

A

Haemangiosarcoma
lymphoma
melanoma
(metastatic)

78
Q

Neoplasia of PNS

A

nerve sheath tumour - lymphoma
Chronic lameness, pain

79
Q

Predisposed to Intracranial neoplasia

A

older cats and dogs

80
Q

Intracranial neoplasia
Primary neoplasm of dog

A

Meningioma
Astrocytoma
Glioma

81
Q

Intracranial neoplasia
Primary tumour of dogs

A

Meningioma
Lmyphoma
Glioma

82
Q

Intracranial neoplasia
Secondary neoplasm

A

Contact spread
distant metastasis

83
Q

Consequences of Intracranial neoplasia

A

Neuon loss
impaired liquor circulation

84
Q

Clinical signs of Intracranial neoplasia

A

Progressive dysfunction
Hydrocephalus
Behaviour disorders
Vestibular signs
Convulsions
Cerebral/ cerebellar ataxia
oedema
dementia
strabismus
paralysis
blindness

85
Q

Diagnosis of Intracranial neoplasia

A

Clinical signs
Increased pressure
CT, MRI
scintigraphy

86
Q

Treatment of Intracranial neoplasia

A

Spf tolitary tumours - radiotherapy, surgery
Symptomatic - sedative, anticonvulsatns, decrease brain oedema

SAM Final (48 decks)

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