2. Diseases of the trachea and bronchi Flashcards
Diseases of the larynx
Laryngitis
Obstructive laryngitis
Laryngeal Paralysis
Laryngeal Collapse & BOA syndrome
Laryngeal Neoplasia
Infectious Agents of Laryngitis
CAV -2 ( adeno)
CPIV (parainfluenza virus)
Bordetella Br
FHV-1 (herpes)
FCV (calci)
Other causes of Laryngitis
local irritation
Clinical signs of Laryngitis
Loud cough
fever
pneumonia
lethargy
Treatment of Laryngitis
AB (doxycycline, amoxiclav)
Antitussives (Butorphanol, hydrocodone)
GCC
Tracheostomy
Clinical signs of Obstructive Laryngitis
severe respiratory distress
dysphonia
stridor
dyspnoea
diagnosis of Obstructive Laryngitis
histopath is imperative to distinguish btw neoplasia and obstructive inflammatory disease
Treatment of Obstructive Laryngitis
GCC
Tracheostomy tube placement
what is laryngeal paralysis
where the arytenoid cartilage fails to abduct during inspiration
What can cause laryngeal paralysis
a lesion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
idiopathic
what animals are most susceptible to laryngeal paralysis
older animals
large breed dogs
Causes of laryngeal paralysis
idiopathic
trauma
systemic neuromuscular disease
most susceptible dog breeds for laryngeal paralysis
Bouvier des flandres
Siberian huskey
Bull terrier
Lab
St. Bernard
Irish Setter
Clinical Signs of laryngeal paralysis
stridor
exercise intolerance
voice change
coughing
resp distress
hyperthermia
diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis
inspection
paradoxical movement
complete neurological exam
xray
Treatment of laryngeal paralysis
supplemental oxygen
sedation
Treatment for hyperthermia
GCC
furosemide
treat underlying cause
Surgery of laryngeal paralysis
To open the airway
partial laryngectomy
arytenoid lateralisation
removal of vocal folds
If laryngeal paralysis is untreated, what may occur
aspiration pneumonai
BOA
types of malformations
congenital airway malformations in brachycephalic dogs – stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea, laryngeal saccular oedema & eversion
How does laryngeal collapse occur
chronic increase in negative pressure during inspiration
laryngeal cartilages will weaken and collapse
there will be medially displaced cuneiform & corniculate processes
Clinical signs of laryngeal collapse
stridor
resp distress
syncope
Treatment of laryngeal collapse
Sedation
Oxygen
Cooling
GCC
Furosemide
Surgical treatment of congenital malformation
Surgical treatment of stenotic nares
Opening - wedge resection/ laser ablation
Laryngeal Tumours
Chondrolipoma which is rare and metastatic
Cats - SCC, lymphoma
Dogs - Malignant epithelial tumours, rhabdomyoma
Clinical signs of Laryngeal Tumours
dysphonia
stridor
resp distress
gagging
coughing
Diagnosis of Laryngeal Tumours
laryngoscopy -> biopsy
Treatment of Laryngeal Tumours
Surgery - partial laryngectomy, permanent tracheostomy
Physical exam of the trachea
Coughing - can be elicited
Palpation - of neck, emphysema, collapse, mass
Auscultation - over larynx, trachea & lung
goose honk, wheezing expiratory
Cause of respiratory acidosis
Stenotic disease -> increased airway resistance -> hypoventilation -> resp acidosis
what can chronic obstruction of the trachea lead to
Pulmonary hypertension
Diagnostic tests of tracheal diseases
XRAY - LL, VD, DV
Tracheobronchoscopy
Lab D
Diseases of the trachea
Noninfectious tracheitis
Infectious tracheobronchitis, CIRDC, Kennel Cough
Tracheal Collapse
Tracheal Hypoplasia
Tracheal Parasites
Causes of Noninfectious tracheitis
prolonged barking
collapsing trachea
chronic cardiac disease
allergic lower airway disease
Diagnosis of Noninfectious tracheitis
Firm palpation of the thoracic inlet –> typical tracheal cough
Tonsils
Cardiac murmur
lung sounds
Xray
Atopy screening
Treatment of Noninfectious tracheitis
Antitiussives
Bronchodilators
Prednisolone
Nebulisation
Treat underlying disease
what is CIRD
canine infectious resp disease complex
Causes of CIRD
CAdV - 2 - adeno
CPIV - parainfluenze
CaHV - 1 - herpes
CRCoV - resp corona
Bordetella
Mycoplasma
Distemper
History of CIRD
Highly contagious
in a kennel
Clinical signs CIRD
Dry
hacking
paroxysmal cough in generally healthy dogs
Treatment of CIRD
Antitussives
AB
Bronchodilators
What animals are susceptible to tracheal collapse
Middle aged / old
miniature breeds
Acquired > congenital
Susceptible breeds to Tracheal collapse
Chihuahua
Yorkie
Toy poodle
Shih Tzu
Lhasa Apso
Pomeranian
Aetiology of Tracheal collapse
Deficiency in the organic matrix –> tracheal & bronchomalacia –> stretching of trachea’s dorsal membrane –> collapse
Problems associated with Tracheal collapse
Chronic Cough
Chronic airway / pulmonary parenchymal disease
chronic cardiac disease
obeisity
mass
History of Tracheal collapse
Long history of coughing
mild / intermittent / paroxysmal
Clinical Signs of Tracheal collapse
Goose honk cough - elicited by palpation, eating, drinking, excitement,
cyanosis
symptoms are chronic, progressive, irreversible
Diagnosis of Tracheal collapse
Auscultation
Palpation
Xray
Bronchoscopy
Stages of Tracheal collapse
I - IV
Treatment of Tracheal collapse
Emergency - sedation, oxygen, gcc, intubation, cooling
Medical - antitussives, pred, bronchodilators, nebulisation
Surgery - intraluminal stents, extraluminal prosthesis
Tracheal hypoplasia
congenital problem diagnosed in young dogs
Susceptible breeds of Tracheal hypoplasia
bull dogs
boston terriers
Clinical signs of Tracheal hypoplasia
Dyspnoea
Productive cough
fever
Brachycephalic airway syndrome
Diagnosis of Tracheal hypoplasia
Auscultation
Palpation
Xray (may mimic tracheitis)
Lab d of Tracheal hypoplasia
leucocytosis
prognosis of Tracheal hypoplasia
depend on: degree of hypoplasia, concurrenct upper resp disease, congenital cardiac disorder
Treatment of Tracheal hypoplasia
Treat brachy syndrome
Treat bronchopneumonia id needed
no known surgery
Prevention of Tracheal hypoplasia
Breeding
Names of tracheal parasites
oslerus osleri - lungworm
Clinical signs of tracheal parasites
chronic dysnpnoea
cough
insp wheezing sounds
Diagnosis of tracheal parasites
worms in carina
Treatment of tracheal parasites
fenbendazole for 2 weeks
