43. Differential diagnosis of seizures. Epilepsy

Question 1

myoclonus definition

Answer 1

sudden, brief & involunaty muscle contraction

Question 2

clonic definition

Answer 2

repetitive myoclonus

Question 3

seizure definition

Answer 3

any sudden long lasting and transient event

Question 4

epileptic seizure defintion

Answer 4

transient occurrence of signs and/ or other symptoms due to abnormal synchronous neuronal activity in the brain

Question 5

epilepsy definition

Answer 5

disorder of the brain characterieed by and enduring preposition to generate seizures
2 or more unprovoked seizures >24hrs apart

Question 6

clinical exam not during seizure

Answer 6

signalment
full clinical exam
neurological exam
further workup

Question 7

clinical exam during seizure

Answer 7

description
video analysis
ask owner to examine patient during seizure

Question 8

problem orientated approach to seizure

Answer 8

VITAMIND
vascular
inflammatory
trauma/ toxin
anomaly
metabolic
idiopathic
neoplastic
degenerative

Question 9

ictal phase

Answer 9

10secons - 1hr long
convulsions
impaired consciousness
complex behavioural changes
hallucination
clonic
vegetative
tonic
automatism

Question 10

post ictal phase

Answer 10

<2hrs long
todd’s paralysis
compulsive walking
blindness
deafness
salivation
disorientation
weakness
paresis
ataxia
cicrclinc
barking
panting

Question 11

treatment of status epilepticus

Answer 11

insert iv catheter
give diazepam (IV or rectally)
repeat every 2mins - max 4 doses
give loading dose phenobarb
repeat every 6hrs
if no response give propofol

Question 12

paroxysmal event defintiion

Answer 12

sudden outburst/ attack in a particular motione

Question 13

extracranial causes of paroxysmal event

Answer 13

Hypoglycaemia
Toxicosis
Liver origin
Uraemia
Hyperviscosity
Hypocalcaemia
Severe ascariasis
Hypokalaemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypoxia
Hypernatraemia

Question 14

intracranial causes of paroxysmal events

Answer 14

Hydrocephalus
Encephalitis
Idiopathic epilepsy
Ischaemia
Lissencephalopathia
Neoplasia
Brain oedema
Infectious
Thromboembolus
Trauma

Question 15

lab diagnosis of epilepsy

Answer 15

haematocrit
leukocytes
azotamia
hyperosmolarity
urinalysis
glucose
ca2+
na+
acid base
hepatic parameters

Question 16

imaging diagnosis of epilepst

Answer 16

CT, MRI

Question 17

differential diagnosis for seizures in dogs

Answer 17

narcolepsy/ catalepsy
exercise induced collapse
canine epileptic cramping syndrome
episodic falling
scottie cramp
chinook seizure
myasthenia gravis
syncope
flea biting
head bobbing
degenerative encephalopathy
increased startle reaction
chiari- like malformation

Question 18

NARCOLEPSY/CATALEPSY

Answer 18

emotion / exciation induced
either congenital or acquired

Question 19

congenital narcolepsy

Answer 19

dobermann
lab
dachshund

Question 20

acquired narcolepsy

Answer 20

autoimmune

Question 21

treatment of narcolepsy/ catalepsy

Answer 21

amitriptyline
selegiline

Question 22

predisposition to exercise induced collapse

Answer 22

lab
clumber spaniel
corgi

Question 23

clinical signs of exercise induced collapse

Answer 23

ataxia
paresis
hyperthermia

Question 24

diagnosis of exercise induced collapse

Answer 24

genetic testing

Question 25

treatment of exercise induced collapse

Answer 25

diazepam buscopan clorazepate

Question 26

another name for canine epileptic cramping syndrome

Answer 26

spikes disease

Question 27

predisposition to canine epileptic cramping syndrome

Answer 27

border terrier

Question 28

clinical signs of canine epileptic cramping syndrome

Answer 28

ataxia borborygmi tremor vomiting falling stiffness diarrhoea

Question 29

treatment of canine epileptic cramping syndrome

Answer 29

diazepam buscopan clorazepate

Question 30

another name for episodic falling

Answer 30

hyperekplexia

Question 31

predisposition to episodic falling

Answer 31

cavalier king charles' stress/ exercise induced

Question 32

clinical signs of episodic falling

Answer 32

episodic stiffness and falling

Question 33

treatment of episodic falling

Answer 33

clonazepam acetazolamide

Question 34

predispositon to scottie cramp

Answer 34

scottie sress/ exercise induced

Question 35

clincial sign of scottie cramp

Answer 35

episodic stiffness kyphosis rigidity

Question 36

treatment of scottie cramp

Answer 36

diazepam acp fluoxetine

Question 37

clinical signs of chinook seizure

Answer 37

limb in flexion mild movement convulsive episodes

Question 38

what is chinook seizure

Answer 38

congenital paroxysmal dyskinesia

Question 39

differential diagnosis for seizures in cats

Answer 39

FEPSO FOPS FHS FARS

Question 40

what is FARS

Answer 40

feline audiogenic reflex seizures

Question 41

predisposition to FARS

Answer 41

older cats >15yrs

Question 42

clinical signs of FARS

Answer 42

myoclonic episodes triggered by high frequency sounds

Question 43

treatment of FARS

Answer 43

levetiracetam phenobarb

Question 44

what is FHS

Answer 44

feline hyperaesthesia syndrome

Question 45

clinical signs of FHS

Answer 45

episodic twitching rolling skin aggitation aggression licking/ biting of flank

Question 46

treatment of FHS

Answer 46

gcc nsaids amitriptyline antiepileptics flea control

Question 47

what is FEPSO

Answer 47

feline partial seizure with orofacial involvement epileptic activity within the temporal lobe due to different aetiology

Question 48

clinical signs of FEPSO

Answer 48

episodic facial twitching mastication swallowing lip smacking

Question 49

what is FOPS

Answer 49

feline orofacial pain syndrome may be associated with oral lesions

Question 50

predispotion to FOPS

Answer 50

burmese cats

Question 51

clinical signs of FOPS

Answer 51

episodic oral discomfort tongue mutilation triggered mouth movements stress

Question 52

treatment of FOPS

Answer 52

dental care phenobarb diazepam nsaids gcc reduce environmental stress

Question 53

aim prevention of epilepsy

Answer 53

decrease seizure severity, frequency and duration decrease adverse effects

Question 54

preventive meds

Answer 54

phenobarbital imepitoin imepitoin & phenobarb kalium bromide

Question 55

phenobarbital

Answer 55

GABA agonist Ca2+ channel blocker antiepileptic

Question 56

adverse effects of phenobarb

Answer 56

sedation ataxia paraparesis pu/pd

Question 57

imepitoin

Answer 57

nzd agonist new drug decreased adverse effects

Question 58

potassium bromide

Answer 58

if seizures are resistant to pheno and imepitoin

Question 59

adverse effects of kbr

Answer 59

vomiting paraparesis pancreatitis pruritus