16. Diseases of the large intestines in dogs and cats. Perineal/perianal diseases Flashcards
diseases of the large intestine
acute colitis
chronic colitis
potential causes of Acute Colitis
Diet —-low fibre, food intolerance, indiscretion
Parasitic – trichuris vulpis. trichomonas, giardia, cryptosporidium
Bacteria –s. typhimurium, c. difficile/ perfringens, c, jejuni, yersinia enterocolitica
Fungal / Algal — histoplasma, pythium
diet to treat Acute Colitis
NPO 24hrs
low fat, hypoallergic
high digestible food
fibre
metronidazole
Trichuris Vulpis
Intermitten Diarrhoes
Eggs in faeces, colonoscopy, intermitten evacuation
Treat with fenbendazole
tri trichomonas
in distal ileum - colon
cow pat faeces
Treat with Ronidazole
Cryptosporidium
zoonotic
only symptomatic treatment
Clostridium perfringens
Acute HGE
treat with tylosine, amoxiclav, metronidazole, ampicilin
Types of chronic colitis
Lymphocytic - plasmocytic colitis
Plasmocytic colitis
Eosinophilic Colitis
Chronic Histiocytic ulcerative colitis
diagnosis of Chronic Colitis
based on histo evidence of mucosal inflammation
Differential diagnosis of Chronic Colitis
systemic disease
chronic parasitism
infectious disease
neoplasia
dietary sensitivity
causes of Chronic Colitis
Defective mucosal barrier function
abnormal immune response
dysbiosis
genetic
dietary antigens
Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis
where inflammatory cells infiltrate the lining of the GIT due to an abnormal immune response
the most common form of chronic colitis
Clinical signs of Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis
tenesmus
mucoid faeces
haematochezia
diagnosis of Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis
increased mucosal friability
granularity
loss of submucosal vascularity
erosions
Eosinophilic colitis
eosinophils gather in the colon
(due to or caussing need to check injury and irritation)
Clinical signs of Eosinophilic colitis
roughened irregular mucosa
diagnosis of Eosinophilic colitis
colonoscopy
more friable & ulcerated than LPC
Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis
disease with unknwon aetiology, causing inflammation and ulceration of the GIT mucosa
Predisposed to Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis
boxer
frenchie
young males
causes of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis
adherent invasive e. coli
genetic defect
clinical signs of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis
l. bowel diarrhoea
lethargy
anorexia
treatment of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis
enrofloxacin
Irritable bowel syndrome
uncommon
non inflammatory large bowel disease
abnormal colonic myoelectrical function
large dog breeds - stress induced
clinical signs of Irritable bowel syndrome
Chronic, intermittent l. bowel diarrhoea
tenesmus
mucoid faeces
haematochezia
Diagnosis of Irritable bowel syndrome
by exclusion
colonoscopy will be normal
treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome
to correct abnormal motility
fibre, anxiolytics, loperamide
Colon Neoplasia
Dog - adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
Cat - adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma, MCT
Dietary treatment of large bowel disease
novel proteins
high digestibility
high fibre
NSAID treatment of large bowel disease
contraindicated in cats
mesalazine
balsalazide
olsalazine
Anti- inflammatories treatment of large bowel disease
pred
budesonide
chlorambucil
cyclosporin
Antibiotics treatment of large bowel disease
metronidazole
tylosin
amoxiclav
ampicillin
enrofloxacin
Perineal Diseases
incontinency
perianal fistula
perineal hernia
anal sac disease
anal prolapse
Incontinency
types
2 subtypes
Reservoir and sphincter
Reservoir Incontinence
disease of the rectum preventing the storage of stools in a normal manner
Sphincter Incontinence
Inability of the anal sphincter to remain in a closed position -> leakage of faeces
usually associated with nerve damage
Clinical signs of Reservoir Incontinence
dog is aware of defecation but cannot control it
Defecation in strange places
Soft, bloody, mucoid stools
Clinical signs of sphincter Incontinence
redness, inflammation, drainage from rectum
licking of anal region
Change in how tail is carried due to nerve damage
diagnosis of Incontinency
RDP
neuro exam
xray of spine
faecal flotation
blood test
US, endoscope, biopsy
Perianal Fistula
abnormal connection btw the anal canal and the perianal region
AKA anal furunculosis
predisposition to Perianal Fistula
intact mmales
middle aged
g. shepherd
possible causes of Perianal Fistula
anal gland impaction/ infection
poor air circulation around anal region
AID
genetic disposition
clinical signs of Perianal Fistula
V. few in early stages
straining
blood in faeces
anorexia
licking of tail / anal region
agressiveness
depressed
chronic, purulent, smelly ulcerating sinus tracts
treatment of Perianal Fistula
Immune - modulating drugs
cyclosporin
AB
hypoallergic diet
increased ventilation
surgery if severe
Perineal hernia
weakness of pelvic diaphragm –> displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs into perianal region
Clinical signs of Perineal hernia
straining to defectate
straining to urinate
perianal swelling
loss of appetite
constipation
vomiting
depression
Diagnosis of Perineal hernia
RDP
xray
US
Treatment of Perineal hernia
Surgery
drain bladder if it is trapped within hernial sac
do an internal obturator flap
predisposition to Anal Sac disease
impaction
inflammation
overweight dogs
abscessation
Clinical signs of Anal Sac disease
malodorous, oily fluid
scooting
excessive licking
pain
blood / pus from rectum
Treatment of Anal Sac disease
impaction - express anal glands
AB - clindamycin
Pain relief - meloxicam
Anal Prolapse
rectum becomes everted and protrudes out of the anus
causes of Anal Prolapse
straining to defecate for a prolonged time
intestinal worms
dehydration
constipation
diarrhoea
ileus
Clinical signs of Anal Prolapse
tenesmus
more frequent defecation
change in faecal consistency
diagnosis of Anal Prolapse
physical exam
RDP
Treatment of Anal Prolapse
clean area
sedation
purse string suture
AB
analgesia
collar
treat cause
