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SAM Final > 26. Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats > Flashcards

26. Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats Flashcards

1
Q

If insulin decreases, what happens blood glucose

A

Increases

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2
Q

Type I DM

A

Insulin dependant

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3
Q

cause of Insulin dependant

A

decrease in secretion of insulin due to immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, islet cell hypoplasia or pancreatic destruction

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of Insulin dependant

A

Autoimmune
Amyloidosis
Pancreatitis

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5
Q

Treatment of Insulin dependant

A

Insulin injecitons

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6
Q

which animal is more susceptible to Insulin dependant

A

Dogs > cats

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7
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Non Insulin dependant

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8
Q

Non Insulin dependant is due to

A

Insulin resistance due to diatobetogenic hormones or obesity
Secretion of insulin is normal but inefective
Delayed response in secreting insulin or the tissues are resistant

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9
Q

Which animal is more susceptible to Non Insulin dependant

A

Cats > dogs

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10
Q

Pathogenesis of Non Insulin dependant

A

Excess counterregulatory hormones
obesity

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11
Q

how can Non Insulin dependant become Insulin dependant

A

NIDDM –> Prolonged hyperglycaemia –> glucose toxicity of pancreatic cells –> destruction –> IDDM

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12
Q

Consequence of increased EC glucose

A

Glucosuria –> decreased blood K, Na, PO
IC dehydration –> hyperglycaemic coma
Glycation of proteins –> cataracts, neuropathy

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13
Q

Consequences of decreased IC glucose

A

Increased lipolysis
Ketonemia — ketouria, acidosis, ketoacidosis
Weight loss
Hyperlipidaemia
Increased gluconeogenesis –> weakness

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14
Q

Predisposed to DM in dogs

A

Middle/ old aged dogs
intact females
poodle, dachshund, terrier, puli, lab

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15
Q

Clinical signs of uncomplicated DM in dogs

A

PU/PD
weight loss
dehydration
hepatomegaly
dull coat
flaking skin
cystitis
cataracts
retinopathy
paresis

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16
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs

A

all of uncomplicated as well as clinical signs associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis
hyperglycaemia hyperosmolar syndrome
pancreatitis
epi
cushing’s

17
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Kussmaul breathing
Anorexia
Acetone-smelling breath
Vomiting
Lethargy
Coma
Weakness

18
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with hyperglycaemia hyperosmolar syndrome

A

restlessness
nystagmus
ataxia
convulsions

19
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with pancreatitis

A

Abdominal pain
diarrhoea
vomiting
lethargy

20
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with epi

A

poorly digested faeces
foul smelling faeces
flatulence

21
Q

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with cushing’s

A

acromegaly

22
Q

Lab D of DM in dogs

A

increased; blood glucose, ALT, ALP, ALKP, BUN, creatinine, Amylase, lipase, cholesterol, progesterone, cortisol, GH

23
Q

Urinalysis of DM in dogs

A

glucosuria >12mmol/l
Bacteriuria
Ketouria

24
Q

fasting hyperglycaemia

A

blood glucose is measured on at least 2 occasions after >8hrs of fasting

25
Q

Fructosamine levels

A

increase
used in cats as the levels are not affected by stress hyperglycaemia

26
Q

Differentiation of NIDDM and IDDM

A

iv glucose tolerance test

27
Q

DIagnosis of DM in dogs

A

History
physical exam
lab d
abdo US

28
Q

Abdo US of DM in dogs

A

diffusse hepatomegaly
enlarged adrenal glands
pancreatitis
nephropathy
cystitis
ovarian cysts
uterine cysts

29
Q

Insulin therapy

A

caninsulin

30
Q

risks of caninsulin

A

anorexia or vomiting (give half dose)
excitement
falling convulsions
Weakness
tremor
coma

31
Q

Blood glucose levels after 6 hrs post insulin

A

4-9mmol/l

32
Q

Treatment of hypoglycaemia

A

Put honey on lips
Give an extra meal
skip following insulin dose

33
Q

other non insulin treatments

A

ovariectomy - decrease risk of insulin resistance, and insulin demand
Diet - increase; protein, fibre, complex carbs

34
Q

Treatment of ketoacidosis

A

Ringers & KCl
Regular insulin
K+ replacement
bicarbonate therapy

35
Q

Clinical signs of DM in cats

A

PU/PD
Weight loss - polyphagia
cataracts
neuropathy

36
Q

Lab D of DM in cats

A

Hepatic Lipidosis
Hypokalaemia
Hyperthyroidism - baseline serum T4 or serum free T4
stress hyperglycaemia

37
Q

Insulin therapy of Type I DM of cats

A

glipizide, glargine
increased insulin secretion — Decreased blood glucose after 1-2 months

38
Q

Insulin therapy of Type II DM of cats

A

diet
exercise
ovariohysterectomy

SAM Final (48 decks)

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