Axial Skeleton & Body Cavities Flashcards
the skeleton system consists of ____ and ____, which are two types of ____ tissue
bone; cartilage; connective
the axial skeleton is made up of the:
skull, ribs, and vertebrae
the axial skeleton comprises the ____ of the body and ____
supporting axis; protection of vital organs
all bones serve as a reservoir for ____ and ____, act as ____ on which muscle act to produce movements, and are containers for _____
calcium; phosphorus; levers; blood-producing cells
appendicular skeleton consists of:
clavical, scapula, humerus (upper extremity) and lower extremities
bones are covered by a fibrous connective tissue called _____ which can form new bone; this membrane is ____ and ______
periosteum; vascularized; innervated
joints that are encapsulated, contain articular cartilage (hyaline), a membrane that surrounds the articular space and produces a fluid to cushion and nourish the joints
movable, synovial joint
joints that lack the articular cavity and synovial membranes that we find predominately for example in the skull and vertebral column, or the junction of teeth in the jaw
immovable or solid joints
2 types of solid joints
fibrous and cartilaginous
fibrous solid joints
sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
cartilaginous solid joints
synchondrosis and symphysis
the skull is comprised of ___ bones, excluding the ossicles of the ear
22
there are 6 ossicles in the ears altogether
except for the mandible, which forms the lower jaw, all bones of the skull are attached to each other by ____ which are ____ and form the _____
sutures; immovable; cranium
components associated with the face (anterior lower part of the skull)
viscerocranium or facial skeleton
upper domes portion that covers the cranial cavity containing the brain
calvaria
the vertebral column is made up of:
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) coccyx (3-4 fused coccygeal vertebrae)
2 primary curvatures:
thoracic curvature
sacral/coccygeal curvature
primary curvature is concave anteriorly
2 secondary curvatures:
cervical curvature
lumbar curvature
secondary curvature is concave posteriorly
____ curvature is seen on the back of the early embryo
primary curvature concave anteriorly
in the thoracic and sacral regions, curves are oriented concave anteriorly and each is known as a _____
kyphosis
in the lumbar and cervical regions, curves are oriented posteriorly and each is called a _____
lordosis
curvatures are important for ____ and ____
balance; weight distribution
primary curvature is concave _____
anteriorly
secondary curvature is concave _____
posteriorly
secondary curvatures help to bring the center of gravity into a _____ allowing better balance of body weight on the vertebral column (expending the least amount of ____ in our normal upright bipedal stance)
vertical line; muscular energy
spinous and transverse processes function
muscle attachment and movement
articular processes function
restricts movements
vertebral arch function
protection of the spinal cord
vertebral body function
support of body weight (the more inferior, the larger, the more weight)
foramen created by two bones coming together
intervertebral foramen
the intervertebral foramen are where the ____ are exiting and entering the vertebral canal
spinal nerves
hole in transverse process of cervical vertebrae
foramen transversarium
what passes through the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae
vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves
____ are the posterior blood supply to the brain
paired vertebral arteries
a rib will articulate with the ____ and _____ of a vertebra
body; transverse process
the head of a rib articulates with ____ and _____
2 vertebral bodies; 1 intervertebral disc
the tubercle of the rib articulates with _____
1 transverse process
region of the greatest curve of the rib
angle of the rib
the costal groove of the rib is formed by ___
intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
the head of rib 5 articulates with _____
bodies of T4 and T5 vertebrae
the tubercle of rib 5 articulates with ____
transverse process of T5
in the costal groove, the ____ is the most superior and the ____ is the most inferior, and they all lie between the muscle layers
vein; nerve (VAN)
atypical ribs
1st, 2nd, 10th-12th
broadest, shortest, and most sharply curved of the 7 true ribs
1st rib
the 1st rib has 2 grooves on the superior surface for the _____
subclavian vessels
the 1st rib has 2 grooves separated by the _____ and ridge for the ____ attachment
scalene tubercle; scalene muscle
thinner, less curved, and longer rib; has two facets on head for articulation with _____ vertebrae
2nd rib; T1 and T2
____ ribs have only one facet on their heads
10th - 12th
____ ribs are short with no necks or tubercles
11th- 12th
the intervertebral discs have a central nuclear area called the _____
nucleus pulposus
the ____ in the central/anterior area gives rise to the nucleus pulposus
notochord
the ____ which starts as a somite, gives rise to the _____
sclerotome; vertebrae and ribs
bones separated by a cavity = synovial cavity = articular cavity (moveable); assoc. with most of appendicular skeleton; contain articular cartilage (hyaline)
synovial joint
bones held together by connective tissue (less moveable); assoc. more with axial skeleton
solid joints
synovial joints are described based on their ____ and _____
shape (shape of the articular cavity); movement
synovial joints can be ____ or _____
uniaxial (hinge joints); multiaxial (ball and socket joints)
allow sliding or gliding of one bone surface over another
plane joints (acromioclavicular joint)
allow movement around one axis transversely through a joint; flexion-extension
hinge joints (elbow or humero-ulnar joint)
all movement around a longitudinal axis; rotation
pivot joints (atlanto-axial joint of C1 and C2)
allow movement in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis: formed by 2 convex condyles articulating with concave of flat surfaces
bicondylar joints (knee)
allow movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and limited circumduction
condylar/ellipsoid joint; wrist
allow movement around two axes that are at right angles with the articular surfaces saddle shaped; {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction}
saddle joints; carpometacarpal joint of thumb
allow movement around multiple axes; {flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation}
ball and socket joint (hip or shoulder joint)
____ joint is at the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1; allows you to rotate your head; “no” joint
synovial joint; atlanto-axial joint
____ joint is the “yes” joint
atlanto-occipital
joints that lack the articular cavity and synovial membranes for example those that we fine predominantly in the skull and the vertebral column, or the junction of teeth in the jaw
solid joints
2 types of solid joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
3 types of fibrous solid joints
sutures, gomphoses, & syndesmoses
2 types of cartilaginous solid joints
synchondroses and symphyses
only in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue = sutural ligament
sutures
only between teeth and adjacent bone. Short collagen fibers of the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket
gomphoses
joints in which adjacent bones are linked by a ligament (ligamentum flavum which connects admacent vertebral laminae) OR (interosseous membrane which links the radius and ulna in the forearm)
syndesmoses
where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage, for example, the growth plate that occurs between the head and shaft of the developing long bones. These joints allow bone growth but eventually completely ossify
synchondroses
where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage (axial skeleton). (intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis)
symphyses
connective tissue connections between muscle and bone.
tendon
connective tissue connections between bones
ligaments
the spine of C7 is the largest of the cervical spines and is referred to as the _____
vertebra prominens
during inspiration, the diaphragm _____ and _____ and there is ____ of the abdominal muscles
contracts; descends; relaxation
during expiration, the diaphragm ____ and ____ and there is ____ of the abdominal muscles
relaxes; ascends; contraction
the ribs posterior attachment is ____ to its anterior attachment
superior
Increased intra-abdominal pressure is important in voiding the contents of the bladder and rectum and in childbirth. . Increasing intra-abdominal pressure is often referred to as the ______. The ______ is accomplished by attempting to forcibly exhale against a closed airway.
valsava maneauver
the abdominal cavity is lined by a _____, which consists of an epithelial-like single layer of cells (_____) together with a supportive layer of _____
peritoneum; mesothelium; connective tissue
The peritoneum reflects off the abdominal wall to become a component of the ______ that suspend the viscera (organs).
mesenteries
_____ lines the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
_____ covers the suspended organs (viscera)
visceral peritoneum
intraperitoneal structures are _____
suspended in mesenteries
retroperitoneal structures are lie between the ____and _____
parietal peritoneum; abdominal wall
the ____ and the ____ are retroperitoneal
vertebrae; kidneys
The thoracic cavity is lined by a _____, which consists of an epithethial-like single layer of cells (the ______) together with a supportive layer of connective tissue.
pleura; mesothelium
_____ lines the pleural cavities (2), each separately
parietal pleura
_____ reflects from the ____ wall and onto the surface of the organs (viscera) = lungs; is adherent to the lung
visceral pleura; medial
space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura is the _____ which is filled with ____ to reduce friction
pleural cavity; serous fluid
the cranial cavity is lined with ____
meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia)
the bifurcation of common caroid is at about what cervical vertebrae level
C3/C4
