4.2 Opioids Flashcards
Which opioid derivatives are most commonly used as antitussives? (2)
- Dextrometorphan
- Codeine
Which opioid analgesics are most commonly used to control diarrhea? (2)
- Loperamide
- Diphenoxylate
Which opioid analgesic has the most pronounced anti-shivering properties?
- Meperidine
How does meperidine work?
Blocks shivering by acting on alpha2-adrenoreceptors
What are the most common adverse effects with use of opioid analgesics? (5)
1) Nausea
2) Vomiting
3) Sedation
4) Itching
5) Constipation
Describe the effects of using a pure agonist alongside a weak partial agonist?
- Risk of diminishing analgesia or even inducing a state of withdrawal.
Why are opioids contraindicated in patients with head injuries?
CO2 retention caused by respiratory depression results in cerebral vasodilation -> brain fxn alteration in pt with inc ICP.
Why are opioids contraindicated in pregnancy?
Fetus may become dependent
Opioids can have drug interactions with which category of drugs?
1) Sedative-hypnotics
2) Anti-psychotics
3) MAO inhibitors
Which opioids do we see drug interactions with when taken alongside MAOIs?
- Meperidine
- Tramadol
Which opioid drugs are considered strong agonists? (6)
1) Morphine
2) Hydromorphone and Oxymorphone
3) Heroin
4) Meperidine
5) Fentanyl
6) Methadone
Which opioids are more liposoluble than morphine and enter the brain more readily?
- Heroin
- 6-MAM (product of heroin hydrolysis, which is then converted to morphine.)
Meperidine acts upon which receptor?
Mu receptor agonist
Normeperidine, the metabolic of Meperidine, has a half life of how long?
15-20 hours (compared to 3 hours for meperidine)
Describe the reaction in serotonin syndrome
- Delerium,
- Hyperthermia
- Headache
- Hyper or hypotension
- Rigidity
- Convulsions
- Coma
- Death
