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SAM Final > 9. Diseases of the pericardium. Heartworm disease. > Flashcards

9. Diseases of the pericardium. Heartworm disease. Flashcards

1
Q

congenital pericardial diseases

A

pericardial cysts
partial defects
PPDH

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2
Q

what is PPDH

A

peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia

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3
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

build up of excess fluid

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4
Q

predisposition of pericardial effusion

A

large dogs
males
over 5yrs

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5
Q

causes of pericardial effusion in cats

A

idiopathic
heart failure
FIP
cardiomyopathy, lymphoma, uraemia

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6
Q

causes of pericardial effusion in dogs

A

idiopathic
cardiac neoplasia
mesothelioma

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7
Q

pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
transudate

A

CHF, PPDH, Hypoalbuminaemia, infection cause an increase in vascular permeability

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8
Q

pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
exudative

A

(non) infectious pericarditis

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9
Q

pathogenesis of haemorrhages pericardial effusion

A

neoplasia
idiopathic
trauma
hemostatic disorder
pericardial mass

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10
Q

what can pericardial effusion lead to

A

cardiac tamponade -> v. cava compression, RA, RV coronary compression

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11
Q

Clinical signs of pericardial effusion

A

ascites
abdomen distension
tachycardia
pale/ cyanotic mm
collapse
vomitting
exercise intolerance
weakness
depression
dyspnoea
weak femoral pulse
jugular distension and pule

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12
Q

auscultation of pericardial effusion

A

weak/ absent heart beat
muffled heart sounds

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13
Q

pathology of pericardial effusion

A

hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
sc oedema

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14
Q

echo in case of pericardial effusion

A

visualisation of tamponade
fluid filled sac
pericardial fluid
tumours
abnormal cardiac motion
collapse of RS chamber

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15
Q

ECG in case of pericardial effusion

A

usually normal
decreased R waves/ alternating R wave
ST - T elevation
sinus tachycardia

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16
Q

Xray of pericardial effusion

A

enlarged cardiac silhouette
dilated caudal vena cava
tracheal dislocation
venous congestion
hepatomegaly
ascites

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17
Q

treatment of pericardial effusion

A

us guided pericardiocentesis
no diuretics
ab, antiinflam

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18
Q

where to put in needle for us guided pericardiocentesis

A

ICS 4-5

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19
Q

constrictive pericardial disease

A

thickening/ scarring of pericardial layers & fluid

20
Q

Clinical signs of constrictive pericardial disease

A

RS CHF
abdominal distension
tachypnoea
laboured breathing
syncope
weight loss

21
Q

echo of constrictive pericardial disease

A

pericardial fluid
thickened echogenic pericardium
decreased diastolic chamber size

22
Q

Diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease

A

echo
hepatojugular reflex test
cardiac catheterisation

23
Q

treatment of constrictive pericardial disease

A

subtotal pericardiectomy

24
Q

when is prognosis of constrictive pericardial disease good

A

if epicardium and pericardium arent fused

25
Q

where do adult Heartworms live

A

pulmonary artery

26
Q

vector of Heartworm

A

mosquitoes

27
Q

host and reservoir of Heartworm

A

dogs and candids

28
Q

name of Heartworm disease

A

heartworm, associated resp disease

29
Q

severity of Heartworm is dependant ono

A

no. of worms
how long theyve been present
body rxns
exercise and size of animal

30
Q

live adult Heartworm can cause

A

mechanical trauma
immunosuppression
damage of intime of blood vessels

31
Q

dead adult Heartworm

A

more severe vascular reactions
thrombi causeing embolism, inflammation and fibrosis

32
Q

what does inflammation cause in case of Heartworm

A

hypoxaemia -> vasoconstriction -> bronchoconstriction -> oedema and inflammation

33
Q

what is possible after treatment of Heartworm

A

thromboembolism

34
Q

other consequences of Heartworm

A

liver damage
cirrhosis
glomerulonephritis

35
Q

clinical signs of the mild form of Heartworm

A

none
chronic cough

36
Q

clinical signs of moderate Heartworm

A

cough
eoistaxis
exercise intolerance
abnormal lung sounds

37
Q

Clinical signs of severe form of Heartworm

A

cough
epistaxis
exercise intolerance
dyspnoea
abnormal heart and lung sounds
hepatomegaly
syncope
ascites

38
Q

what is caval synodrome

A

adult worms are displaced to RV

39
Q

symptoms of caval syndrome

A

sudden lethargy
weakness
haemoglobinuria
RS CHF
tricuspid murmur

40
Q

clinical signs of Heartworm in cats

A

bronchitis
asthma
cough
dyspnoea
intermittent vomiting
lethargy

41
Q

diagnosis of Heartworm

A

antigen testing
drip test
bloods
echo
ecg
xray
tracheal wash

42
Q

bloods of Heartworm

A

eosinophilia
basophilia
neutrophilia
moncytosis

43
Q

what is seen in an echo in Heartworm

A

RA/ RV dilation
RV hypertrophy
pul artery dilation
paradoxical septal motion
small left heart

44
Q

treatment of Heartworm

A

melarsomine
moxidectin

45
Q

prevention of Heartworm

A

test for worms and microfilaria
prevention with macrocyclic lactones

46
Q

prognosis of Heartworm

A

good/ guarded depending on severity
caval syndrome is poor/ grave

47
Q
A

SAM Final (48 decks)

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