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exam stuff > year 2 pastest > Flashcards

year 2 pastest Flashcards

1
Q

what is the honeymoon period in type 1 diabetes

A

a time where the disease has been identified and is being treated with exogenous insulin, but there is still some residual insulin production as not all beta cells have been destroyed

patients insulin requirements are very low

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2
Q

which organism is most commonly found in diabetic foot ulcers

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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3
Q

what clinical feature is most suggestive of a diabetic neuropathy

A

sensory loss in stocking distribution

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4
Q

treatment for postural hypertension in diabetes

A

increasing dietary sodium chloride

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5
Q

HbA1c target for type 2 diabetes

A

48

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6
Q

which drugs that a diabetic patient may take is related to erectile dysfunction

A

beta blockers

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7
Q

what is a reg flag for diabetic feet (neuropathy)

A

pain in the foot at rest and at night

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8
Q

are ACE inhibitors safe in pregnancy

A

no

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9
Q

first line treatment for prolactinomas

A

dopamine agonist

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10
Q

which hormones are reduced in stress response

A
  • insulin
  • testosterone
  • oestrogen
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11
Q

side effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

necrotising fasciitis of the genitals

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12
Q

what is PTH’s role in calcium regulation

A

causes indirect osteoclastic activation via RANK-L

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13
Q

what does a positive McMurrays test suggest

A

meniscal tear

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14
Q

what diseases is pyoderma gangrenosum associated with

A
  • HIV
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • hepatitis
  • haematological diseases

HIHH

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15
Q

where is bursa found

A

between the tendon and the bone and lined by the synovium

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16
Q

what are the two types of bursae

A

anatomical or adventitious

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17
Q

what signalling pathway does GH use

A

a tyrosine kinase receptor that uses the JAK/STAT pathway

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18
Q

what is diabetic maculopathy

A

when there are any features of diabetic retinopathy but existing at the macula?fovea

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19
Q

if a female patient has sudden onset hair growth with raised testosterone level, what is first line management

A

refer to endocrinology for suspected cancer

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20
Q

which diabetes has association with hepatocellular carcinoma

A

MODY 3

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21
Q

side effects of systemic retinoids

A
  • teratogenic
  • dry mucous membrane
  • headaches
  • hair thinning or loss
  • should be avoided in hepatic impairment
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22
Q

a boy has a butterfly rash, oval white macules across his body, and a leathery plaque on his sacrum thats like orange peel

what is the diagnosis

A

tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

what is staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome

A

its a result of a staphylococcus skin infection from an injury

  • results in large blisters that cover most of the skin and eventually burst
  • very painful
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24
Q

what would the diagnosis be for target-like lesions on peripheries that can eventually blister

A

erythema multiforme

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25
Q

which skin condition is hypothyroidism associated with

A

asteatotic eczema

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26
Q

are mucous membranes involved in bullous pemphigoid

A

no not usually

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27
Q

what skin condition is linked with sarcoidosis

A

erythema nodosum

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28
Q

what is lichen sclerossus

A

pain around vulva

itchy white patches around genitals

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29
Q

treatment for acne vulgaris in pregnancy

A

oral erythromycin

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30
Q

An elderly short-sighted man presents with flashing lights which are worse on eye movement and are located in the temporal visual field. He also describes some upper visual field loss ‘like a curtain coming down’

A

retinal detachment

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31
Q

An elderly man presents an acute, painful red eye associated with decreased visual acuity. His symptoms are worse in the dark. On examination he has a semi-dilated non-reacting pupil

A

acute angle closure glaucoma

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32
Q

A young man presents with an acute, painful red eye associated with photophobia and blurred vision. On examination the pupil is small and irregular

A

anterior uveitis

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33
Q

Flashes of light (photopsia) - in the peripheral field of vision
Floaters, often on the temporal side of the central vision

A

posterior vitreous detachment

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34
Q

Dense shadow that starts peripherally progresses towards the central vision
A veil or curtain over the field of vision
Straight lines appear curved
Central visual loss

A

retinal detachment

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35
Q

Large bleeds cause sudden visual loss
Moderate bleeds may be described as numerous dark spots
Small bleeds may cause floaters

A

vitreous haemorrhage

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36
Q

a woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents with severe, constant pain in her right eye. On examination the right eye is red and there is a degree of photophobia. Visual acuity is normal

A

scleritis

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37
Q

a woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents after developing a red right eye. There is no pain, discharge or photophobia although the eye is tearing. Visual acuity is normal

A

episcleritis

38
Q

an elderly short-sighted man presents with a floater on the temporal field of vision. Visual acuity is normal for the patient

A

posterior vitreous detachment

39
Q

an elderly short-sighted man presents with flashing lights which are worse on eye movement and are located in the temporal visual field. He also describes some upper visual field loss ‘like a curtain coming down’

A

retinal detachment

40
Q

A patient presents with an acute, painful red eye associated with photophobia and epiphora. Fluorescein staining reveals a ragged area on the cornea

A

herpes simplex keratitis

41
Q

a man who is on treatment for HIV presents with a painful, vesicular rash on the right side of his face around the eye. Fluorescein staining reveals multiple small defects on the right cornea

A

herpes zoster opthalmicus

42
Q

A patient presents with a ‘droopy eyelid’. On examination they have unilateral miosis, ptosis and narrow palpebral aperture giving the appearance of enophthalmos

A

horner’s syndrome

43
Q

treatment choice for moderate to severe acne rosacea

A

oral oxytetracycline

44
Q

which drugs may aggravate psoriasis

A
  • beta blockers
  • lithium
  • chloroquine
  • hydroxychloroquine
  • NSAIDs
  • ACEis
  • infliximab
45
Q

treatment for acne step by step

A
  • topical retinoids/benzoyl peroxide
  • topical combination therapy (add topical antibiotic)
  • oral antibiotics (tetracyclines)
  • oral contraceptive for women
  • oral isotretinoin
46
Q

what antibiotic should be prescribed for acne vulgaris in pregnancy

A

erythromycin

47
Q

what should always be co-prescribed with oral antibiotics in acne

A

topical retinoid or benzoyl peroxide

48
Q

an elderly woman presents with an itchy lesion on her vulva. started as a red patch but has now turned into a white plaque

diagnosis?

A

lichen sclerosus

49
Q

a man presents with an itchy purple papular rash on the palms and flexor surfaces of his arms, the lesions are polygonal and covered in a white lace

diagnosis?

A

lichen planus

50
Q

what would you prescribe for seborrhoeic dermatitis on face and body

A

topical ketoconazole

51
Q

which paraneoplastic syndrome is gastric cancer associated with

A

acanthosis nigricans

52
Q

what drugs cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A
  • penicillin
  • sulphonamides
  • lamotrigine, carbamazepine, phenytoin
  • allopurinol
  • NSAIDs
  • oral contraceptive pill
53
Q

most common side effect of isotretinoin

A

dry skin, eyes and lips/mouth

54
Q

raised papules on trunk and limbs in a teenager after having a sore throat is most likely to be what

A

guttate psoriasis

55
Q

can type 2 diabetes cause acanthosis nigricans

A

yes

56
Q

coeliac disease with itchy skin lesions

A

dermatitis herpetiformis

57
Q

treatment for mild acne rosacea

A

topical metronidazole

58
Q

if TSH high and T4 normal, diagnosis?

A

subclinical hypothyroidism

59
Q

TSH low, T4 low

A

secondary hypothyroidism

60
Q

TSH high, T4 low

A

primary hypothyroidism

61
Q

in a pituitary adenoma, what are the results in a high dose dexamethasone test

A

cortisol suppressed

ACTH suppressed

62
Q

in an adrenal adenoma what are the results of a high dose dexamethasone test

A

cortisol not suppressed

ACTH suppressed

63
Q

where there is ectopic ACTH what are the results of a high dose dexamethasone test

A

cortisol not suppressed

ACTH not suppressed

64
Q

anti-TPO antibodies are seen in around 90% of patients with what?

A

hashimotos

65
Q

best investigation for addison’s disease

A

ACTH stimulation test

66
Q

what does it mean if nuclear scintigraphy reveals patchy uptake in the thyroid

A

toxic multinodular goitre

67
Q

TSH low, T4 high

A

thyrotoxicosis

68
Q

side effects of insulin

A
  • hypoglycaemia
  • weight gain
  • lipodystrophy
69
Q

best investigation for phaechromocytoma?

A

24 hr urinary collection of metanephrines

70
Q

best investigation for acromegaly

A

serum IGF-1 measurements

71
Q

what diseases cause a goitre

A
  • hashimotos
  • subacute thyroiditis
  • riedel’s thyroiditis
72
Q

what nerve injury is associated with a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerous

A

axillary nerve injuries

C5 and 6

73
Q

first line treatment for fibromyalgia

A

aerobic exercise

74
Q

which renal disorder is associated with sickle cell anaemia

A

renal papillary necrosis

75
Q

would urine calcium excretion be reduced in hyperparathyroidism

A

no

76
Q

what disease does episodes of pancreatitis with hypercalcaemia indicate

A

familial hypocalciuric hypercalaemia

77
Q

hypokalaemia and hypertension indicates

A

Conn’s

78
Q

does a left intertrochanteric fracture cause external or internal rotation of the leg

A

external

79
Q

what does swan neck deformity indicate

A

rheumatoid arthritis

80
Q

arthritis mutilans is associated with which type of arthritis

A

psoriatic

81
Q

isolated raised ALP

A

paget’s disease

82
Q

what does high haemoglobin in a patient with ADPKD indicate

A

polycythaemia

83
Q

do thiazide diuretics cause gout

A

yes

84
Q

what promotes secretion of renin in the kidneys

A

a fall in the renal perfusion pressure detected by baroreceptors at the arterioles

85
Q

what is the classic triad of grave’s disease

A
  • pretibial myxoedema
  • thyroid opthalmology
  • thyroid acropachy
86
Q

if someone has a family history of MEN which type of thyroid cancer are they most likely to get

A

medullary

87
Q

first line treatment for pagets

A

bisphosphonates

88
Q

what does painless haematuria in a smoker suggest

A

transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

89
Q

if there is chondrocalcinosis does this indicate pseudogout or gout

A

pseudogout

90
Q

what is the first line test for acromegaly

A

serum IGF-1

91
Q

complications of rheumatoid arthritis

A

ischaemic heart disease

92
Q

if an older patient has dermatomyositis which condition could be underlying it

A

internal malignancy

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