passsmedddd Flashcards
symptoms of gastroparesis in type 1 diabetics
- erratic blood glucose control
- bloating
- vomiting
treatment for gastroparesis in type 1 diabetics
- metoclopramide
- domeperidone
- eythromycin
which beta blocker is used in grave’s
propanolol
what insulin should be given in DKA
IV 0.1
electrolyte abnormality for cushings
hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
what is c-peptide level in type 1 diabetes
low or undetectable
-due to absolute insulin deficiency
what happens to electrolytes in DKA
loss of electrolytes
-especially sodium and potassium
name a drug that can cause GALACTORRHEA
chlorpromazine
what is the most important blood test to monitor response to levothyroxine treatment
TSH
what other illnesses can give false low HbA1c readings
sickle cell anaemia
-decreases the lifespan of RBCs
causes of raised anion gap
- sepsis
- tissue ischaemia
- renal failure
- DKA
- drugs/toxins
causes of low anion gap in metabolic acidosis
- renal tubular acidosis
- diarrhoea
- addisons
- pancreatic fistula
if there is protein in the urine, does this mean the cause of AKI is pre-renal, renal or post-renal
renal
which drug is prescribed to reduce phosphate levels in patients with CKD mineral bone disease
sevelamer
most common causative organism for peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis
staph epidermis
what can juxtaglomerular cells secrete
renin
-specifically the granular cells secrete it
what medication should be avoided when taking methotrexate
trimethroprim
in supraspinatus tendonitis where is the painful arc
60-120 degrees
diagnosis?
supraspinatus tendonitis, shoulder impingement, painful arc
-calcification of the tendon (the bony part)
what is the lifelong treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome
lifelong warfarin
acute treatment of a thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome
LMWH
what is blue sclera in children associated with
osteogenesis imperfecta
management for undisplaced patella fractures
knee immobilisation
risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome
- RA (synovitis means less space)
- acromegaly
- conditions involving fluid retention
- fractures
what needs to be done in every new diagnosis of dermatomyositis?
malignancy scan
if there is pain on both passive and active external rotation of the shoulder what does this indicate
adhesive capsulitis
which antibiotic can cause tendonitis and tendon rupture
ciprofloxacin
first line treatment for carpal tunnel
wrist splinting
then corticosteroid injection
investigation of choice for achilles tendon rupture
USS
does chondrocalcinosis indicate gout or pseudogout
pseudogout
what are the A’s associated with ankylosing spondylitis
Apical fibrosis Anterior uveitis Aortic regurgitation Achilles tendonitis AV node block Amyloidosis
what is the next step in management for ankylosing spondylitis after NSAIDs
TNF-alpha blockers
-etanercept
what digits affected in carpal tunnel syndrome
lateral three and a half digits
- thumb to middle finger
- wasting of the thenar muscles
if the arthritis is asymmetrical what does that mean it’s most likely to be
psoriatic arthritis
most common causes of drug induced lupus
- procainamide
- hydralazine
where abouts in the ulnar nerve would damage cause more deformity
at the elbow
what type of fracture is this
buckle fracture
skin manifestation of bechets
erythema nodosum
investigation of choice for osteomyelitis
MRI
what is this
lichen planus
what are keloid scars
tumour like lesions that arise from the connective tissue of a scar and extend beyond the dimensions of the original wound
where is venous ulceration most commonly seen
above the medial malleolus
what is this
dermatitis herpetiformis
what antibodies for dermatitis herpetiformis
anti-tissue transglutaminase
what drugs cause toxic epidermal necrolysis
phenytoin sulphonamides allopurinol penicillins carbamazepine NSAIDs
presentation of toxic epidermal necrolysis
- blistering/epidermal detachment
- mucosal ulceration
- fever and shit
- really unwell
treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum
oral prednisolone
treatment for bullous pemphigoid
oral corticosteroids
what test for allergic contact dermatitis
skin PATCH test
management for actinic keratoses
flouroracil cream
treatment for fungal nail infection
oral terbinafine
what is endophthalmitis
a purulent inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous) usually due to infection
-complication of cataract surgery
treatment for lichen planus
topical steroids and antihistamines
how can pyogenic granulomas be differentiated from melanomas
they occur after injury
what is the aim of treatment in glaucoma
- reduce aqueous secretion
- induce pupillary constriction
(secretion=production)
causes of erythema nodosum
NO - idiopathic D - drugs O - oral contaceptives/preggers S - sarcoidosis/TB U - ulcerative colitis/Crohns/Behcets M - microbiology
when can a child with impetigo go back to daycare/school
2 days after starting treatment
management for an adult with unilateral middle ear effusion
refer under 2 week wait to ENT for suspected nasopharyngeal cancer
first line treatment of scabies
permethrim
first line treatment for plaque psoriasis
topical betamethasone (steroid) and topical calcipotriol
what virus most commonly causes eczema herpeticum
HSV1
most common malignancy associated with acanthosis nigricans
gastric adenocarcinoma
management of a perforated ear drum
no treatment and review in 2 weeks and then 6 weeks
complications of psoriatic arthritis
cardiovascular disease
who do you refer children with squints to
opthalmology
if someone has a painful rash what does this suggest
shingles
sunburst pattern on a knee radiograph
osteosarcoma
Sarcoma = Sun
what would be seen on an USS of diabetic nephropathy
bilateral enlarged kidneys
what should be monitored in henoch-shonlein purpura
blood pressure and urinalysis
what is the mode of inheritance of marfans
autosomal dominant
how do you distinguish between the different types of diabetes
- c-peptide
- diabetes specific auto-antibodies
