revision sessions 2 Flashcards
what is calcitonin produced by
C cells
what type of hormone is T4
prohormone
what is thyroid binding globulin increased by
- hypothyroidism
- pregnancy
- liver disease
what causes decreased thyroid binding globulin
- major illness
- hyperthyroidism
- renal disease
- cushing’s syndrome
if thyroglobulin levels increase or stay the same after treatment, what does this mean?
there are still thyroid cancer cells in the body
side effect of carbimazole
- agranulocytosis
- thrombocytopenia
- haemolytic anaemia
- bone marrow disorders
how can a large pituitary tumour cause hyperprolactinaemia
- crushes the pituitary stalk
- dopamine can’t get down it and inhibit prolactin
- loadssss of prolactin
treatment for acromegaly
somatostatin analogues (sandostatin)
treatment for acute hypercalcaemia
- fluids
- loop diuretics
imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism
sestamibi scan
what is DiGeorge syndrome
congenital cause of hypoparathyroidism
what does hypocalcaemia indicate about the kidneys
that there is CKD
chronic not acute
causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- goodpastures
- GPA
target blood glucose in diabetes
4-8
what does the patient need to do when they are on sulphonylureas
monitor their blood glucose because of the risk of hypoglycaemia
side effect of GLP-1 agonists
pancreatitis
side effect of DPP-4 agonists
pancreatitis
what does type 2 diabetes double your risk of getting
pancreatits
medication combination to reduce CVD risk in diabetes
SGLT2 and metformin
what diabetes drugs need to be stopped when unwell
metformin and SGLT-2
what genes represent 50% of familial risk of type 1 dm
HLA genes
diagnostic criteria for type 1
random blood glucose >11.1 with symptoms
why don’t you use HbA1c to diagnose type 1
as it may be normal sometimes
if both parents both have type 1 diabetes, what are the chances that their child gets it
30%
if both parents have type 2 diabetes what are the chances that their child gets it
80%
what does insulin increase synthesis of
glycogen
what is type 1 diabetes in under 1yrs called
neonatal diabetes
what is the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors
inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney
what do melanomas look like on histology
brown
actinic keratoses on histology
thick keratin layer at the top
actinic keratoses
psoriasis
bullous pemphigoid on immunofluoresence
linear
pemphigus vulgaris on immunofluoresence
chicken wire
acne is an issue with what in the skin
pilosebaceous unit
how long does a SCC take to grow
2-3 months
local non-scarring hair loss
alopecia areata
local scarring hair loss
discoid lupus
general non-scarring hair loss
- telogen effluvium
- iron deficiency
- hypothyroid
general scarring
- severe inflammatory condition
- trauma
