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exam stuff > passmed !!!!!!! > Flashcards

passmed !!!!!!! Flashcards

1
Q

pale retina

A

central retinal artery occlusion

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2
Q

causes of papilloedema

A
  • space-occupying lesion: neoplastic, vascular
  • malignant hypertension
  • idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  • hydrocephalus
  • hypercapnia
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3
Q

how do beta blockers work in glaucoma

A

decrease production of aqueous fluid

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4
Q

complication of mydriatic drops

A

acute angle closure glaucoma

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5
Q

management for someone with an organic foreign body in their eye

A

refer to opthalmology that day

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6
Q

how does latanoprost work in glaucoma

A

-increasing uveoscleral outflow

prostaglandin analogue

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7
Q

what organism for contact lens keratitis

A

psuedomonas

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8
Q

treatment for patients with temporal arteritis and vision loss

A

IV methylprednisolone

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9
Q

what are stag horn calculi composed of

A

struvite

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10
Q

isolated raise in ALP

A

PAGETS

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11
Q

what does renal cell carcinoma look like on CT scan

A

mass with contain solid and liquid components

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12
Q

which thyroid cancer has family inheritance

A

medullary

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13
Q

which GN can be caused by HIV

A

FSGS

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14
Q

first line management of osteomalacia

A

vitamin D supplements

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15
Q

most common std organism for septic arthritis

A

gonorrhea

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16
Q

hyponatraemia after removal of a ureteric stone

A

salt-losing nephropathy

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17
Q

what nerve is most likely to be injured in a mid humeral shaft fracture

A

radial nerve

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18
Q

treatment if someone has undescended testes at the age of 30

A

remove it

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19
Q

is acromegaly associated with diabetes

A

yes

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20
Q

which ventricular hypertrophy is acromegaly associated with

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

management for paraphimosis

A

soak the foreskin and then put it back manually

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22
Q

tender pea-sized nodule in the upper pole of testes

A

torsion of testicular appendage

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23
Q

commonest cause of addisons in the UK

A

autoimmune

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24
Q

what do medullary thyroid cancers secrete

A

calcitonin (amyloid)

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25
Q

what type of cells are found in medullary thyroid cancer

A

polygonal cells

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26
Q

which chromosome has the defect in medullary thyroid cancer

A

chromosome 10

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27
Q

complication of pagets

A

malignancy

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28
Q

which drugs can worsen psoriasis

A

bisoprolol

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29
Q

causes of pyoderma gangrenosum

A
  • UC/crohns
  • rheumatoid arthritis/SLE
  • lymphoma
  • GPA
  • primary biliary cirrhosis
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30
Q

what hypersensitivity for contact/allergic dermatitis

A

type 4

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31
Q

what nerve fibres are responsible for pupillary constriction

A

parasympathetic

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32
Q

what is the pathophysiology behind dupuytren’s contracture

A
  • excessive myofibroblast proliferation
  • altered collagen matrix composition
  • this leads to thickened fascia
  • then fixed flexion deformity
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33
Q

what area of the eye has the highest concentration of cones

A

fovea

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34
Q

what affect does increasing the venomotor tone have on the heart

A

increases venous return to the heart

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35
Q

what nerve crosses the posterior triangle of the neck

A

accessory nerve

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36
Q

what is the best genetic test for chromosomal imbalance in a 4 year old with learning difficulties

A

array comparative genomic hybridisation

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37
Q

how long is the PR interval in an ECG

A
  1. 12-0.2

- represents AV nodal delya

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38
Q

what is the p wave caused by

A

atrial depolarisation

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39
Q

how long is the QRS complex

A

<0.12 seconds

40
Q

what drug could precipitate and acute attack of gout and why

A

allopurinol

-causes rapid lowering of serum uric acid which can (rarely) precipitate an acute attack

41
Q

what test should be done before performing a lumbar puncture

A

clotting screen

42
Q

what is hallux rigidus

A

a form of osteoarthritis which occurs when the cartilage within the joint wears out
-usually in the big toe

43
Q

projectile vomiting in child

A

pyloric stenosis

44
Q

bile coloured vomit

A

volvulus

45
Q

eye manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis

A

scleritis

46
Q

most common cause of reduced CD4 count

A

HIV

47
Q

what is cataract surgery called

A

phacoemulsification

48
Q

what type of keratitis for swimming pool with contact lenses on

A

bacterial

49
Q

whereabouts in the eye is the blind spot

A

optic disc

50
Q

facial palsy + swelling at angle of the jaw

A

parotid gland adenocarcinoma

51
Q

which chromosome for ADPKD

A

16

52
Q

what is distal hypoperfusion ischaemic syndrome

A

complication of an AV fistula

  • shunting of the blood flow through the fistula and distal ischaemia
  • results in ulcers and necrosis on the hands
53
Q

initial investigation in a man with fertility problems

A

semen analysis

54
Q

do melanomas bleed

A

yes they can

-very concerning factor

55
Q

management of erythrodermic psoriasis

A

urgent hospital admission

56
Q

treatment of advanced prostate cancer

A
  • GnRH agonists (goserelin)

- anti-androgens (apalutamide)

57
Q

what is epidermolysis bullosa

A

breakdown of anchoring between dermis and epidermis

57
Q

what is epidermolysis bullosa

A

breakdown of anchoring between dermis and epidermis

58
Q

which insulin do you give once a day

A

bolus

59
Q

example of a soluble insulin

A

actrapid

60
Q

give an example of an insulin analogue

A

NovoRapid

61
Q

example of a long acting insulin

A

lantus

62
Q

complications of pagets

A
  • deafness
  • cardiac failure
  • fractures
  • skull thickening
63
Q

what DMARD causes interstitial pneumonitis

A

methotrexate

64
Q

what rheumatoid drugs are nephrotoxic

A
  • gold

- penicillamine

65
Q

at what age can a child build a tower of 3 bricks and enjoy picture books

A

18 months

66
Q

what type of blood does the placental artery carry

A

deoxygenated

67
Q

what type of blood does the placental vein carry

A

oxygenated

68
Q

where is the virus reactivated in ramsay hunt syndrome

A

the geniculate ganglion of CN 7

69
Q

causes of central scotoma

A

dry ARMD

optic neurits

70
Q

first line investigation for hydrocele

A

doppler USS with colour

71
Q

what GFR for stage 3 CKD

A

30-60

72
Q

what trimester does gestational diabetes usually occur in

A

third

73
Q

what drug can cause hypothyroidism

A

amiodarone

74
Q

what is pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

failure of cells to respond to PTH

75
Q

signs of pseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • short fingers
  • round face
  • short stature
  • calcified basal ganglia
76
Q

what is pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

same as pseudohypoparathyroidism but normal biochemistry

77
Q

what medication is given pre-op for a laparoscopic adrenalectomy in conn’s

A

spironolactone

78
Q

treatment for bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

A

spironolactone or eplerenone

79
Q

cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism

A
  • reduced renal blood flow leads to excess renin
  • and then excess angiotensin II
  • so then loads of aldosterone
80
Q

what drug for hirtuism

A

metformin

81
Q

genotype for kleinfelter’s

A

47XXY

symptoms: infertile, small firm testes

82
Q

what are the three histological types of pituitary tumour

A
  • chromophobe (most common)
  • acidophil (secrete GH and PRL)
  • basophil (secrete ACTH)
83
Q

where do craniopharyngiomas originate from?

A

Rathke’s pouch

84
Q

what type of deficiency causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

21 alpha hydroxylase

85
Q

what is sheehan syndrome

A

a condition that affects women who lose a life-threatening amount of blood or have severe or low blood pressure during or after childbirth

  • causes damage to the pituitary stalk
  • symptoms of hypopituitarism
86
Q

what drugs for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy

A
  • prophylthiouracil in first trimester
  • carbimazole 2nd/3rd trimester

but try and avoid both and just control with beta blockers

87
Q

what drug class is phenoxybenzamine

A

alpha blocker

88
Q

what drugs do you give before phaechromocytoma surgery

A

beta blockers and alpha blockers

89
Q

what drug class is spironolactone

A

aldosterone antagonist

90
Q

what drug for ascites

A

aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone)

91
Q

mechanism of action of orlistat

A

pancreatic lipase inhibitor

92
Q

what is the first indicator of diabetic nephropathy

A

microalbuminuria

93
Q

screening for diabetic nephropathy

A

ACR ratio

94
Q

features seen in grave’s and not other thyroid problems

A

eye signs (30% of patients)

  • exophthalmos
  • ophthalmoplegia

pretibial myxoedema

thyroid acropachy, a triad of:

  • digital clubbing
  • soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet
  • periosteal new bone formation

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