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important endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what syndromes cause gynaecomastia

A

ones with androgen deficiency

  • Kallman’s
  • Klinefelter’s
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2
Q

TSH and T4 for thyrotoxicosis

A

TSH low

T4 high

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3
Q

TSH and T4 for primary hypothyroidism

A

TSH high

T4 low

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4
Q

TSH and T4 for secondary hypothyroidism

A

TSH low

T4 low

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5
Q

TSH and T4 for sick euthyroid

A

TSH low/normal

T4 low

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6
Q

TSH and T4 for subclincal hypothyroidism

A

TSH high

T4 normal

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7
Q

TSH and T4 for poor compliance with thyroxine

A

TSH high

T4 normal

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8
Q

PTH, calcium, phosphate and urine calcium:creatinine ratio for primary hyperparathyroidism

A

PTH elevated
calcium elevated
phosphate low
calcium:creatinine ratio >0.01

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9
Q

PTH, calcium, phosphate and vit D for secondary hyperparathyroidiam

A

PTH elevated
calcium low or normal
phosphate elevated
vit D low

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10
Q

calcium PTH phosphate and vit D for tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A 
calcium normal or high
PTH elevated 
Phosphate decreased or normal
vit D normal or decreased 
ALP is also elevated
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11
Q

example of sulfonylureas

A
  • gliclazide

- glimepiride

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12
Q

example of thiazolinediones

A

pioglitazone

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13
Q

mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones

A

PPAR-gamma receptor one

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14
Q

example of DPP-4 inhibitor

A

-gliptins

dPP-4
gliPtins

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15
Q

what do DPP4-inhibitors do

A

increase incretin levels

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16
Q

what do SGLT-2 inhibitors do

A

inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney

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17
Q

example of SGLT-2 inhibitor

A

-gliflozins

18
Q

example of GLP-1 agonists

A

-tides

19
Q

GLP-1 agonists mechanism of action

A

incretin mimetic which inhibits glucagon secretion

20
Q

how are GLP-1 agonists administered

A

subcutaneous

21
Q

which diabetes drugs cause weight loss

A

SGLT-2 inhibitors
GLP-1 agonists

two G ones

22
Q

causes of raised prolactin

A
  • pregnancy
  • prolactinoma
  • physiological
  • PCOS
  • primary hypothyroidism
  • phenothiazines, metoclopramide, domperidone

the p’s

23
Q

blood results for primary hyperaldosteronism (conn’s)

A
  • high aldosterone
  • low renin
  • high blood pressure
  • high sodium
  • raised bicarbonate
24
Q

blood results for secondary hyperaldosteronism

A
  • high aldosterone
  • high renin
  • low potassium
25
Q

causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism

A
  • renal artery stenosis
  • obstruction
  • heart failure
26
Q

osmolalities for diabetes insipidus

A
  • high plasma osmolality

- low urine osmolality

27
Q

in a low dose dexamethasone test, what does it mean if cortisol is not suppressed

A

cushings syndrome

28
Q

in a high dose dexamethasone test, what does it mean if cortisol isn’t suppressed and ACTH is

A

cushings syndrome due to other causes

-adrenal adenomas

29
Q

in a high dose dexamethasone test what does it mean if cortisol and ACTH are suppressed

A

cushings disease

-pituitary adenoma

30
Q

in a high dose dexamethasone test what does it mean if both cortisol and ACTH are not suppressed

A

ectopic ACTH syndrome

31
Q

what electrolyte abnormality in cushings

A

hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

32
Q

what is the most important blood test to asses response to treatment in hypothyroidism

A

TSH

33
Q

what should happen to someones regular insulin while being treated for a diabetic ketoacidosis

A

continue long-acting insulin and stop short acting

34
Q

why is pioglitazone contraindicated in patients with heart failure

A

it can cause fluid retention

35
Q

which thyroid cancer produces calcitonin

A

medullary

36
Q

if urine osmolality after fluid deprivation is low but after desmopressin its high, what is the diagnosis

A

cranial diabetes insipidus

37
Q

if there is clubbing with hyperthyroidism, what does this indicate

A

graves

38
Q

what drug do you have to give with beta blockers before surgery to remove a phaechomocytoma

A

phenoxybenzamine

39
Q

which type of diabetes drugs could cause recurrent thrush

A

SGLT2 inhibitors

40
Q

does de quervains thyroiditis cause an increase or decrease in uptake of iodine

A

increase

41
Q

what is the fist line insulin regime for newly diagnosed adults with type 1 diabetes

A

a basal-bolus using twice day insulin detemir

42
Q

in acromegaly, if the patient is found to have raised IGF-1 what is the next step in investigation

A

oral glucose tolerance test with serial growth hormone measures

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