important endocrine Flashcards
what syndromes cause gynaecomastia
ones with androgen deficiency
- Kallman’s
- Klinefelter’s
TSH and T4 for thyrotoxicosis
TSH low
T4 high
TSH and T4 for primary hypothyroidism
TSH high
T4 low
TSH and T4 for secondary hypothyroidism
TSH low
T4 low
TSH and T4 for sick euthyroid
TSH low/normal
T4 low
TSH and T4 for subclincal hypothyroidism
TSH high
T4 normal
TSH and T4 for poor compliance with thyroxine
TSH high
T4 normal
PTH, calcium, phosphate and urine calcium:creatinine ratio for primary hyperparathyroidism
PTH elevated
calcium elevated
phosphate low
calcium:creatinine ratio >0.01
PTH, calcium, phosphate and vit D for secondary hyperparathyroidiam
PTH elevated
calcium low or normal
phosphate elevated
vit D low
calcium PTH phosphate and vit D for tertiary hyperparathyroidism
calcium normal or high PTH elevated Phosphate decreased or normal vit D normal or decreased ALP is also elevated
example of sulfonylureas
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
example of thiazolinediones
pioglitazone
mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones
PPAR-gamma receptor one
example of DPP-4 inhibitor
-gliptins
dPP-4
gliPtins
what do DPP4-inhibitors do
increase incretin levels
what do SGLT-2 inhibitors do
inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the kidney
example of SGLT-2 inhibitor
-gliflozins
example of GLP-1 agonists
-tides
GLP-1 agonists mechanism of action
incretin mimetic which inhibits glucagon secretion
how are GLP-1 agonists administered
subcutaneous
which diabetes drugs cause weight loss
SGLT-2 inhibitors
GLP-1 agonists
two G ones
causes of raised prolactin
- pregnancy
- prolactinoma
- physiological
- PCOS
- primary hypothyroidism
- phenothiazines, metoclopramide, domperidone
the p’s
blood results for primary hyperaldosteronism (conn’s)
- high aldosterone
- low renin
- high blood pressure
- high sodium
- raised bicarbonate
blood results for secondary hyperaldosteronism
- high aldosterone
- high renin
- low potassium
causes of secondary hyperaldosteronism
- renal artery stenosis
- obstruction
- heart failure
osmolalities for diabetes insipidus
- high plasma osmolality
- low urine osmolality
in a low dose dexamethasone test, what does it mean if cortisol is not suppressed
cushings syndrome
in a high dose dexamethasone test, what does it mean if cortisol isn’t suppressed and ACTH is
cushings syndrome due to other causes
-adrenal adenomas
in a high dose dexamethasone test what does it mean if cortisol and ACTH are suppressed
cushings disease
-pituitary adenoma
in a high dose dexamethasone test what does it mean if both cortisol and ACTH are not suppressed
ectopic ACTH syndrome
what electrolyte abnormality in cushings
hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
what is the most important blood test to asses response to treatment in hypothyroidism
TSH
what should happen to someones regular insulin while being treated for a diabetic ketoacidosis
continue long-acting insulin and stop short acting
why is pioglitazone contraindicated in patients with heart failure
it can cause fluid retention
which thyroid cancer produces calcitonin
medullary
if urine osmolality after fluid deprivation is low but after desmopressin its high, what is the diagnosis
cranial diabetes insipidus
if there is clubbing with hyperthyroidism, what does this indicate
graves
what drug do you have to give with beta blockers before surgery to remove a phaechomocytoma
phenoxybenzamine
which type of diabetes drugs could cause recurrent thrush
SGLT2 inhibitors
does de quervains thyroiditis cause an increase or decrease in uptake of iodine
increase
what is the fist line insulin regime for newly diagnosed adults with type 1 diabetes
a basal-bolus using twice day insulin detemir
in acromegaly, if the patient is found to have raised IGF-1 what is the next step in investigation
oral glucose tolerance test with serial growth hormone measures
