passmed :0 Flashcards
bone profile results for osteoporosis
usually normal
normal PTH
normal calcium
normal phosphate
first line treatment for ankylosing spondy
exercise and NSAIDs
treatment for an acute attack of gout
continue allopurinol if already on it
start colchicine
tumour markers for testicular cancer
- gynaecomastia
- excess HCG
- excess oestrogen
- increased AFP
what is diuresis after relief of urinary retention
polyuric state large volumes of salt and water are lost, with the risk of patients developing hypovolaemia, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.
at first its physiological but after 48hrs its pathological
treatment for renal cell carcinoma
radical nephrectomy
organism for peritonitis secondary to peritoneal dialysis
staph epidermis
medical treatment for someone with lots of calcium in their urine and a renal stone
thiazide diuretics
-as thiazides increase distal tubular calcium reabsorption therefore decrease calcium in the urine and stone formation
painless visible haematuria
bladder cancer
treatment for patients with severe hyperkalaemia (>6.5)
IV calcium gluconate
IV insulin/dextrose
methods to remove potassium from the body
- calcium resonium
- loop diuretics
- dialysis
which testicular cancer has a better prognosis
seminomas
what should all men with erectile dysfunction get checked
morning testosterone
schistosoma infection is strongly linked to which type of cancer
SCC bladder
mechanism of action of goserelin
GnRH agonist
if patients on spironolactone get gynaecomastia, which diuretic should they be switched to
eplerenone
investigation for priapism
cavernosal blood gas analysis
what are the indications for haemodialysis in AKI
- hyperkalaemia (>7) or unresponsive to medical therapy >6.5
- severe acidosis (pH<7.15)
- fluid overload e.g. pulmonary oedema
- urea >40, pericardial rub/effusion
what nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter
pudendal nerve
does diarrhoea cause acidosis or alkalosis
acidosis
does vomiting cause alkalosis or acidosis
alkalosis
treatment for osteomalacia in CKD patients
aledronic acid
treatment for anaemia in CKD
oral iron before erythropoietin
why does CKD lead to anaemia
due to reduced levels of erythropoietin
first thing you do when someone has a potassium of over 6
ECG!!!!!!!!!!
if someone under age of 40 has haematuria but no bacteria where should they be sent?
nephrology
if someone is over the age of 40 with haematuria and bacteria where should they be sent
urology for a cytoscopy
someone has progressive weakness, hepatomegaly, dyspnoea, proteinuria and worsening renal function
amyloidosis
most common viral infection in organ transplant patients
CMV
is pulmonary hypertension a feature of limited or diffuse systemic sclerosis
limited
treatment for a person who has had a pulmonary embolus and has anti-phospholipid syndrome
life long warfarin
should patients with SLE be put on long term steroids
no
-should only be used when required and for short periods of time
can lupus cause MI’s
yes
can joints with osteoarthritis have effusion
yes
can joints with osteoarthritis show synovitis
no
how old are people that get PMR
almost always over 50
is there any blood abnormalities in fibromyalgia
no
treatment for clubfoot
ponseti technique
erb’s palsy (waiters tip) is damage to what nerve roots
C5 and 6
which test is the ortolani one
the one where the hip is abducted
does DDH affect more girls or boys
girls
what are the red flags for back pain
- clinical evidence of cauda equina
- back pain in under 20yrs
- new back pain in over 60yrs
- constant, severe pain thats worst at night
- systemic upset
when is calf pain worst in spinal stenosis
walking downhill (s=going down to the subway)
when is calf pain worst in peripheral artery disease
walking uphill (p = pain, walking uphill is painful)
what is wolff’s law
that bone will be laid down along areas of stress
which tendon most commonly needs surgical repair when injured
patella tendon
which artery could be injured in a supracondylar fracture
brachial
which bone is the slowest healing
tibia
should a steroid injection be administered in achilles tendonitis
no
-risk of rupture
what requires regular monitoring when someone is on hydroxychloroquine
visual acuity
-may result in severe and permanent retinopathy
side effect of aledronic acid
oesophageal problems
side effect of aledronic acid
oesophageal problems
first line investigation for osteoporotic vertebral fracture
X-ray
which shoulder dislocations are seen in seizures and shock
posterior
what does a positive femoral nerve stretch test indicate
referred lumbar spine pain as a cause of hip pain
first line for osteoporosis
alendronate
if a patient with osteoporosis cannot tolerate alendronate what should be given instead
risedronate or etidronate
why would people not be able to tolerate alendronate (bisphosphonates)
GI problems
when is pain worst in tennis elbow
- wrist extension against resistance
- supination of the forearm
(tennis the ball is high so supination and extension go up)
is a subcaptial fracture intracapsular or extracapsular
intracapsular
is chondrocalcinosis seen in pseudogout or gout
pseudogout
what needs to be screened for in dermatomyositis
malignancy
-malignancy and dermatomyositis are linked
investigation for bone cancer
x-ray
msk risk factors of taking long-term steroids
avascular necrosis
cardiac complication of ehler-danlos
aortic regurgitation
what drugs can cause tinnitus
NSAIDs
aspirin
where does webers lateralise to
the unaffected side of sensorineural
what type of hearing loss does perforated eardrum cause
conductive
commonest tumours of parotid gland
pleomorphic adenoma
what type of infection is tonsillar SCC associated with
HPV
management for someone with sudden unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
- refer urgently to ENT
- steroids
what does mixed hearing loss look like on an audiogram
both air and bone conduction are impaired, with air conduction often being ‘worse’ than bone
what is nasopharyngeal carcinoma related to
south china
EBV
what is laryngeal carcinoma related to
cigarettes and alcohol
what is the most common pathogen in leg cellulitis
strep pyogenes
what hypertension medication can cause hyponatraemia
bendroflumethiazide
is uveitis associated with a small or big pupil
small
what nerve is responsible for closing your eyelids
CN 7
what do you do to a conscious choking baby
chest thrusts
