cardio stuff Flashcards
how is WPW treated
by accessory pathway ablation
what is the most common ECG change in PE
sinus tachycardia
what can beta blockers combined with verapamil cause
profound bradycardia and systole
what is used for symptomatic bradycardia if atropine fails
external pacing
what type of drug means that a patient would need to stop statins
macrolide antibiotic
are VF and VT shockable or not
shockable
what does ruptured AAA present with
present acutely with sudden onset epigastric pain that may radiate to the back, pulsatile mass in abdomen can be felt
who is AAA screening offered to
men > 65yrs
how do you diagnose angina
clinical history and diagnosis
what can AF predispose a patient to
thromboembolism and stroke
athlete suddenly collapses
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
AF on an ecg
irregularly irregular QRS and a ragged baseline
atrial flutter on an ecg
regular narrow complex tachycardia with saw-tooth baseline
what must serum potassium be below before commencing spironolactone
4.5
what is the first line for hypertension in type 2 diabetes
ACEi
how many cusps does the aortic valve have
3
opening of what valve causes a biphasic waveform in the jugular venous pulse
pulmonary valve
what drug improves mortality rates in a patient with heart failure
ramipril (ACE inhibitors)
where do mitral sounds radiate
the axilla
where do aortic sounds radiate
the carotids
what valve sounds are loudest on expiration
mitral and aortic
what valve sounds are loudest on inspiration
pulmonary and tricuspid
what is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy
alcohol abuse
shutting of what valve causes a biphasic waveform in the jugular vein
tricuspid valve
where does the thoracic duct drain into
left venous angle
how do you calculate ejection fraction
SV/end diastolic volume
which type of blood vessel has the highest SVR
arterioles
what does creatine kinase test for
MI
what is duplex USS used to investigate
AAA
what connects iliac arteries to the placenta
umbilical artery
what allows blood to move from the right atrium to the left atrium
foramen ovale
what do you do if a patient has an INR > 8
stop warfarin, give intravenous vitamin K 1-3mg, repeat dose of vitamin K if INR high after 24 hours, restart when INR < 5.0
what could indicate aortic dissection
Tearing chest pain, a diastolic murmur (suggesting aortic regurgitation) and a widened mediastinum
signs of hyperkalaemia
painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans
what would be seen on an echocardiogram in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
apical ballooning of myocardium (resembling an octopus pot)
what should be offered as part of the broad lifestyle approach to heart failure
annual influenza vaccine
what should all patients with an NSTEMI receive as initial treatment
300mg of aspirin
what hormone does the heart produce under stretched conditions
BNP
what does a pulsus paradoxus heart sound indicate
cardiac tamponade
how should hyponatraemia be treated at first
by restricting fluid intake
if this fails then saline
what does muffled heart sounds probably mean
fluid in the pericardial sac, so cardiac tamponade
first line investigation for heart failure
serum BNP levels
what causes elevated JVP with large V waves and a pansystolic murmur
tricuspid regurgitation
whats another name for left anterior descending artery
anterior interventricular artery
what is the preferred management for prevention of CVD
atorvastatin
80 mg for type 2 diabetes
20mg everyone else
whats the pulse in septic shock like
bounding
can you get T wave inversion in SVT
yes
when do the microscopic changes of an acute MI first become visible
12-24 hours after the infarct
whats an indication for a permanent pacemaker
third degree AV block
