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exam stuff > random principles facts > Flashcards

random principles facts Flashcards

1
Q

what gene does cystic fibrosis occur in

A

CFTR

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2
Q

what are multi-lobed nuclei

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

what do S2, 3 and 4 do?

A

inivates the lavita ani (keep the pelvis off the floor

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4
Q

what do C3, 4 and 5 do

A

keep the diaphragm alive (phrenic nerve)

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5
Q

what happens when sodium enters a cell

A

potassium exits

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6
Q

when should you use anti-microbial soap and water

A
  • if your hands are visibly soiled
  • been in contact with body fluids
  • dealing with c.diff or MRSA
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7
Q

what can herpes simplex virus do?

A

stay in the body in a latent state and reactivate to cause a disease

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8
Q

what is the most common place missed during hand washing

A

the folds behind the thumb

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9
Q

what is efficacy

A

the ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

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10
Q

what happens in sepsis

A

there is a decrease in circulating blood volume due to endotoxins causing vasodilation and intravascular fluid to leak into adjacent tissue

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11
Q

what is C3 activated by in the complement system

A

the classical and alternative lectin pathways

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12
Q

what is a granuloma

A

a collection of macrophages that is a manifestation of an inflammatory process

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13
Q

what do sarcoidosis granulomas contain

A

epithelioid macrophages and Langhans type giance cells

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14
Q

where is the thoracic duct

A

between azygous and oesophagus

the duck between two gooses

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15
Q

how would malignancy show in a nucleus

A

enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei

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16
Q

what does GLUT do

A

passive facilitated diffusion for glucose transport in the gut

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17
Q

what is the diencephalon formed by

A

the hypothalamus and the thalamus

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18
Q

what does the diencephalon have connections to

A

the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

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19
Q

what is the periosteum

A

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

20
Q

what is the perineum

A

the area between the anus and the scrotum or vulva

21
Q

what is the perimetrium

A

outer serosa layer of the uterus

22
Q

whats the black bag for

A

paper towels and empty medication blister packs

23
Q

whats the orange bag for

A

non-sharp clinical waste

24
Q

at what point in the ABCDE would blood sugar level be checked

A

D

25
Q

what artery is used for bp

A

brachial

26
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the ingestion of extracellular fluids by cells

27
Q

what two types of cells are predominantly found in granulation tissue

A

endothelial cells and myofibroblasts

28
Q

how does increased intracellular calcium lead to cell death

A

by increasing mitochondrial permeability

29
Q

what is the initial response to the vascular phase of acute inflammation

A

arteriole dilatation

30
Q

what describes the stage of human development where genetic testing can be done on the ball of cells?

A

morula

31
Q

where are lipids produced

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

what polarised, cohesive sheets line the abdominal cavity

A

epithelium

33
Q

what organ contains striated cells that are branched, and have a single nucleus that is located near the centre?

A

the heart

34
Q

what are the layers of an artery, from outermost to innermost?

A

tunica adventitia, external elastic membrane, tunica media, internal elastic membrane and tunica intima

35
Q

which mechanism is used for ATP synthesis in the glycolytic pathway

A

photophosphorylation

36
Q

what happens when a stop codon is reached by a ribosome

A

a termination protein binds to the codon and is used to release the growing peptide from the p site tRNA. Ribosome is likely to dissociate

37
Q

what is the rate of reaction in reduction of pyruvate to lactate matched by?

A

the NADH regeneration by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

38
Q

give an example of a transcription factor that binds to a specific DNA sequence

A

TATA box binding protein

39
Q

does heat exposure increase or decrease muscle tone

A

decreases

40
Q

what molecules function as PRRs

A

lectin-like molecules

41
Q

which immunoglobins are relevant to viral infections

A

IgG and IgM

42
Q

what is endotoxic shock caused by

A

lipopolysaccharides

43
Q

describe a gram positive bacteria

A

a prokaryote that contains a single cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a relatively thick multi-layered cell wall that often contains a secondary polymer in addition to a peptidoglycan

44
Q

what antibiotics are taken up in the active form and reduced in the cytoplasm of the micro-organism leading to DNA damage

A

metronidazole (nitroimidazole)

45
Q

which protein causes rapid proliferation of tumour cells

A

c-myc

46
Q

what things cause a right shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Hyperthermia, hypercapnia, acidosis and sickle cell disease

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