Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Volcano > Flashcards

Volcano Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the process in which magma, which is buoyant than the surrounding rock, rises to the surface and becomes lava.

A

Volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Any vent or built-up mountain where lava, pyroclastic materials, and/or gases erupt

A

Volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where lavas erupt, divergent boundaries manifests as

A

ridges or fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Melts are produced by

A

decompression melting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the partial melting of the hot asthenosphere due to decreased lithostatic pressure, exerted by the thinned overlying lithosphere

A

decompression melting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Volcanism at divergent boundaries manifest as

A

mid-ocean ridges (MOR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Divergent boundaries that occur within continental plates are known as, where diverse manifestations of volcanism can occur. This is due to the partial melting of both the crust and the mantle which creates complex variety of features

A

continental rifts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

occurs once substances like volatiles and water are added to rocks, resulting in melting into magma.

A

Flux melting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

occurs due to the ascent of mantle plumes to the base of the lithosphere

A

Intraplate volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

manifests as a chain of extinct volcanoes similar to a conveyor line, with only the youngest volcano being active

A

Hot Spot volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

magma accumulates underground in an open space or an area of highly fractured substrat

A

magma chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

central vent (shaped like a vertical pipe), a flank vent (smaller conduits issuing from a central vent),

A

conduits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are rock sheets that can form from magma when they seep into cracks in rocks

A

dikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

beds of rocks that form as a result of rock formation between layers of older materials

A

sills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

end of a pipe-like conduit at the top of the mound

A

crater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eruptions issuing from flank vents can produce

A

parasitic cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

These domes form when viscous lava cannot flow too far due to the viscosity and cools into a mound.(roughly circular)

A

Lava dome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

broad gently-sloping mounds shaped like a soldier’s shield

A

Shield Volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

They form when low-viscosity basaltic lava is allowed to flow freely from a vent; over time, these flows stack upon each other, forming the volcano.

A

Shield Volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are tall, steep, conical mountains

A

Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

They form by the accumulation of various successive erupted materials; differing layers of pyroclastic flows and lava flows

A

Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

are small, steep mounds composed of tephra or volcanic fragments formed by explosive eruptions.

A

Pyroclastic cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4 most active volcano

A

Mt. Kanlaon, Mt. Bulusan, Taal Volcano, Mayon Volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Potentially active

A

Mount Apo, Cuernos de Negros, Mount Isaro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Inactive

A

Mount Arayat, seven lakes of Laguna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Eruptions are considered _______ when they produce lava flows exclusively.

A

Effusive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_______ eruptions produce pyroclastic debris due to the sudden release of built-up pressure. It is usually associated with high gas content and high viscosity magmas.

A

Explosive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are driven by thermal expansion of the dissolved gases in lava

A

Magmatic eruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

result from the extreme buildup of gases in the magma chamber and conduit

A

Plinian eruptions

30
Q

are very similar to Vulcanian eruptions, except that they are of greater magnitude

A

Peléan eruptions

31
Q

result from more viscous lava, which slows down bubble formation and clogs up conduits

A

Vulcanian eruptions

32
Q

are sustained fissure eruptions, producing curtains of basaltic lava

A

Icelandic eruptions

33
Q

are the result of the bursting of clumps of gas bubbles at the surface, throwing up clots of lava

A

Strombolian eruptions

34
Q

produce low-viscosity basaltic lava flows and fountains

A

Hawaiian eruptions

35
Q

occurs in a shallow body of water, and are usually characterized by strong explosions as a result of magma coming in contact with water

A

Surtseyan eruption

36
Q

These eruptions are driven by the violent thermal contraction of magma when it interacts with water, resulting in an explosion

A

Phreatomagmatic Eruptions

37
Q

These are purely steam-driven, caused by the expansion of water into steam when heated by a nearby magma chamber or volcanic source.

A

Phreatic Eruptions

38
Q

If earthquake magnitudes are measured using the Richter scale, the volcanic counterpart of this scale is

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

39
Q

he primary products of eruptions are

A

lavas

40
Q

When cools, lava may form

A

fine-grained volcanic rock, volcanic glass

41
Q

composition of lavas, along with temperature, determine their physical properties, most notably their _____

A

viscosity

42
Q

is best measured against the silica content of the lava, with more siliceous or silica-rich melts being more viscous.

A

Viscosity

43
Q

Lava is extruded as a lava flow, or a moving stream of lava and flows are classified based on _____ content

A

silica

44
Q

are silica-depleted and very hot, and thus have a very low viscosity when erupted.

A

Basaltic flow

45
Q

is a low-viscosity flow with wrinkled, billowing, or ropey surfaces.

A

Pahoehoe

46
Q

More viscous flows produce ___ or broken, rubbly, spiny surfaces.

A

a’a

47
Q

Interiors of basaltic flows cool more slowly and may contract into well-formed hexagonal columns perpendicular to the flow. This is known as

A

columnar jointing

48
Q

are said to have intermediate viscosity, and cannot flow as easily as basaltic lava

A

Andesitic flows

49
Q

do not typically move further than 10 km.

A

Andesitic flows

50
Q

are the most silica-enriched and have the lowest temperatures

A

Rhyolitic flows

51
Q

volcanoes eject large quantities of fragmental igneous debris, which accumulate into

A

volcanoclastic deposits

52
Q

are any volcanic fragments produced directly by eruptions

A

Pyroclastic debris

53
Q

are thin glass filaments formed when thin lava strands were frozen

A

Pelé’s hair

54
Q

Glass droplets are also called

A

Pelé’s tears

55
Q

Erupting lava fountains eject blobs of spatter, which can accumulate into spatter cones and spatter ramparts around a vent or fissure.

A

random

56
Q

Magma and lava contain dissolved fluids, which are released as _____ during eruptions.

A

gases

57
Q

can comprise as much as 9% of magma, and contribute to a melt’s viscosity.

A

Volatiles

58
Q

High-viscosity magmas trap bubbles (known as _______), leading to pressure buildup and eventual explosions.

A

vesicles

59
Q

is the internal heat of the Earth

A

Geothermal Energy

60
Q

is a confined area where groundwater transfers heat from a source to a heat sink and is the basis for energy exploitation

A

geothermal system

61
Q

takes the form of a shallow magmatic intrusion or naturally high geothermal gradients

A

heat source

62
Q

is the vessel of heat and is what power plants extract to power turbines

A

geothermal fluid

63
Q

is a volume of permeable rock which stores geothermal fluid and can be exploited at a profit

A

reservoir

64
Q

Power Plants extract geothermal fluids by drilling into __ the reservoir

A

production wells

65
Q

The loss of pressure at the surface and the fluid’s temperature turns the fluid into _ ; this _ is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.

A

steam

66
Q

Used geothermal fluid is cooled and condensed back into the water, which is either dumped at the surface or injected back underground using re-injection wells.

A

random

67
Q

In the Philippines, the first geothermal plant was a 2.5 kW pilot plant at barrio Cale in __ put up in 1967.

A

Tiwi, Albay

68
Q

The first commercial plant in operation was the 3MW pilot plant in __.

A

Tongonan, Leyte

69
Q

At present, the Philippines is the _ largest producer of geothermal power in the world behind the USA, providing 12.2% of the country’s electricity.

A

second

70
Q

At present, there are eight producing geothermal fields around the country, with 31 service contract areas in pre-development.
Producing fields include Makban in Laguna and Quezon; Tiwi, Albay; Bacman in Sorsogon; Tongonan, Leyte; Palinpinon, Negros Oriental; the Northern Negros Geothermal Project on Mt. Kanlaon; Maibarara, Batangas; and Mount Apo in North Cotabato and Davao.

A

random

71
Q

Advantages

A

Geothermal energy is an attractive business venture due to its low cost.
Geothermal energy is also renewable, relying on the practically limitless heat of the Earth.

72
Q

Disadvantages

A

Geothermal fluids are pollutants, containing dissolved metals and ions and having higher temperatures.
Improper handling may contaminate water tables or surface waters.
These fluids contain greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, among others.
Power plants require large areas of cleared land for pipelines and drilling rigs. Careless extraction can empty a reservoir.
Over-extraction and hydraulic fracturing can generate earthquakes in the vicinity.

Science (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions