G10 Genetic Mutation

Question 1

When a cell divides and makes a copy of its DNA, there are times that the copy is not perfect. This imperfect copy is called a _

Answer 1

mutant

Question 2

change in the original DNA sequence is called a

Answer 2

mutation

Question 3

occurs when there is a disruption in the complementary base pairing of the DNA

Answer 3

Genetic mutation

Question 4

Some mutations cause the DNA sequence to change which results in amino acids that make up the protein assembled in a different order. When the incorrect sequence of amino acids is folded into proteins such as enzymes, the proteins may be defective.
Defective proteins then disrupt metabolic processes.

Question 5

classification of genetic mutation

Answer 5

hereditary or somatic

Question 6

a type of mutation inherited from a parent and is present throughout a person’s life in every cell of the body

Answer 6

Hereditary mutation

Question 7

Hereditary mutation is a type of mutation inherited from a parent and is present throughout a person’s life in every cell of the body.
It is also called _ _ because it is present in germ cells or reproductive cells.

Answer 7

germline mutation

Question 8

People with porphyria are characterized by their ability to produce high levels of porphyrin. Porphyrins are molecules needed to create hemoglobin, a protein present in your red blood cells responsible for capturing and transporting oxygen throughout your body.

Question 9

occurs at a point in a person’s lifetime. It occurs only in specific cells

Answer 9

Somatic mutation or acquired mutation

Question 10

It is commonly caused by _ _, such as exposure to radioactivity. It does not affect the egg and the sperm cell. Thus, it is not inherited from a parent and is also not passed onto offspring.

Answer 10

external factors

Question 11

Mutations that occur in a somatic cell in the bone marrow can damage the cell, make the cell cancerous, or kill the cell. This mutation is not passed on to descendants.

Question 12

These type of genetic changes happen not during fertilization but during the developmental stages of embryo where it starts to produce somatic cells.

Answer 12

mosaicism

Question 13

Somatic mutations may lead to cancer, while mutations in the germ cells may lead to birth defects. In a worse case scenario, severe mutations may lead to immediate death.
Not all mutations are harmful. Sometimes, mutations tend to be useful and beneficial. When the mutation is beneficial, they are even incorporated to the normal gene pool and help organism evolve!

Question 14

Human beings have a mutated gene that produces a mutated type of protein known as the _ which enables us to deliver complex speech and understand languages properly!

Answer 14

“forkhead box protein P2” (FOXP2

Question 15

(GMOs)

Answer 15

genetically modified organisms

Question 16

Another example of a useful mutation is the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Crops such as soybean, corn, and potatoes are genetically modified to increase pest resistance and produce more yield. Some carrots are engineered to increase their capacity to absorb calcium and other nutrients.

Question 17

occurs when one DNA base is replaced by another, resulting in a change of codon in the RNA sequence

Answer 17

Point mutation

Question 18

It is caused by _ _ such as transition and transversion.

Answer 18

base substitution

Question 19

purine

Answer 19

guanine

adenine

Question 20

pyrimidine

Answer 20

cytosine

thymine

Question 21

a change from a purine to another purine or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine

Answer 21

transition

Question 22

occurs when a purine changed into pyrimidine

Answer 22

transversion

Question 23

This type of genetic mutation can change a codon to one with a different amino acid sequence.

Answer 23

Transversion

Question 24

point mutation classification

Answer 24

nonsense
missesnse
silent

Question 25

occurs when a stop codon is gained or lost upon mutation

Answer 25

Nonsense mutation

Question 26

A nonsense mutation which gains a stop codon is called a

Answer 26

stop-gain mutation

Question 27

A nonsense mutation which loses a stop codon is called a

Answer 27

stop-loss mutation

Question 28

A nonsense mutation which gains a stop codon is called a stop-gain mutation. Since a stop codon is gained, it prematurely terminates translation which results in an abnormally short polypeptide.
A nonsense mutation which loses a stop codon is called a stop-loss mutation. Since a stop codon is lost, it allows the translation to proceed further resulting in an abnormally long polypeptides.

Question 29

codes for a different amino acid which may affect the integrity and function of the resulting polypeptide

Answer 29

Missense mutation

Question 30

The amino acid change may not drastically affect the polypeptide, especially if the mutated amino acid and the original amino acid are of the same property and size.
Mutations that involve amino acids that are highly different from one another in terms of chemical property and size may lead to function loss which eventually cause severe diseases

Question 31

codes for the same amino acid.

Answer 31

Silent mutation

Question 32

Silent mutation codes for the same amino acid.
The resulting codon still codes for the same amino acid. This does not affect the protein’s structure and function. This is possible because there are 61 codons that translate to 20 amino acids

Question 33

occurs when the mutation changes a reading frame of RNA

Answer 33

Frameshift mutation

Question 34

classification of frameshift mutation

Answer 34

insertion

deletion

Question 35

occurs when one or more DNA pairs are lost

Answer 35

Deletion

Question 36

Deletion occurs when one or more DNA pairs are lost. It causes a frameshift that results in a completely different DNA sequence.
When this happens, enzymes are not produced, or if they are produced, they do not function properly.

Question 37

An example of a disorder caused by this genetic mutation is cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis occurs when three nucleotides are deleted. This deletion results in a loss of amino acid phenylalanine at the 508th position of the protein.
In cystic fibrosis, the person produces thicker mucus, which causes the lungs to be congested.

Question 38

occurs when one or more DNA pairs are added

Answer 38

Insertion

Question 39

Insertion occurs when one or more DNA pairs are added.
The insertion of an extra base can completely alter the sequence of amino acids.
The frameshift may alter the position of the stop codon so the polypeptide chain may be shorter than the normal.
Huntington’s disease is an example of a genetic disorder brought about by insertion mutation. Here, trinucleotide repeats are inserted into the DNA sequence.