G10 DNA Flashcards
He discovered nucleic acids upon isolation of “nuclein” from white blood cells.
Friedrich Miescher
are biomolecules that play important roles in the /storage and expression of genetic information/
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids are macromolecules composed of the monomers called _.
nucleotides
components of Nucleotides
a phosphate group
a 5-C sugar
a nitrogenous base
Bonds that nucleotides has
Glycosidic bond
Ester bond
_ bond attaches the base to the first C of sugar
Glycosidic
_ bond attaches the phosphate to the first C of sugar
Ester
linkages connect the nucleotides
Phosphodiester
A nucleotide is connected to its adjacent nucleotides via _ _ bonds.
(Phosphodiester linkages connect the nucleotides.)
two ester
Types of Nucleic Acids
DNA or RNA
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
ribonucleic acid
2 types of nucleic acids differ in terms of
nitrogenous bases
5-C sugar
Nitrogenous Bases can either be
purines and pyrimidines
purines
two ringed
pyrimidines
single-ringed
DNA and RNA have the same bases except for
thymine in DNA
uracil in RNA
The nucleic acids differ in their 5-C sugar.
nucleic acids difference in 5-C Sugar
DNA-deoxyribose
RNA-ribose
Their sugars differ in the _ _ atom
second carbon
Chargaff Rule
A=T
G=C
\U=T\
The DNA stores genetic information in the form of _ _
nucleotide sequences
The _ _ in DNA help protect and conserve its genetic information
base pairings
The strands of DNA run in opposite directions making them _
antiparallel
runs in 5′ to 3′ direction; the strand that is expressed
Coding strand
runs in 3′ to 5′ direction
Template strand
The DNA double helix is a twisted, right-handed, staircase.
the sides of the ladder
Sugar-phosphate
the rungs of the ladder
Base pairs
5′-pApTpApTpApTpApTpApTpA-3′
Polarity is seen with the 5′ and 3′ locants; directionality labels can be removed.
pApTpApTpApTpApTpApTpA
A phosphate group is exposed at the 5′ end; phosphate groups can be removed.
ATATATATAT
Simplified notation with only the nitrogenous bases represented.
ATATATATAT
TATATATATA
The coding strand is always written above the complementary template strand.
first proposed the double helical structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
scientists
data sets
Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff
alongside Raymond Gosling, obtained the Photograph 51 via X-ray crystallography
Rosalind Franklin
The symmetric patterns generated were interpreted as the DNA structure.
The central dogma explains duplication of genetic material and expression of genes.
The central dogma explains duplication of genetic material and expression of genes.
involves replication, transcription, translation
It is a prerequisite for cell division.
It produces exactly similar copies of the genetic material.
It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
DNA Replication
origin of replication
Initiation
sequence of hundreds of base pairs
unwinds and unzips DNA forming the replication fork and bubble
Initiation
Helicase
stabilize DNA
Initiation
Topoisomerase and single-stranded DNA binding proteins
synthesizes new strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction
Elongation
DNA polymerase III
Synthesis is continuous in the
Elongation
leading strand
Synthesis is continuous in the leading strand.
It occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
It has the same direction as the _ _.
Elongation
replication fork
Synthesis is discontinuous in the
Elongation
lagging strand
Synthesis is discontinuous in the lagging strand.
It also occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
It occurs _ the direction of replication fork.
opposite
Synthesis is discontinuous in the lagging strand.
It also occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
It occurs _ the direction of replication fork.
Elongation
opposite
join the Okazaki fragments together by adding nucleotides in the gap
Elongation
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase I replaces the primers.
DNA ligase seals the nicks and gaps.
Two copies of DNA are produced.
Termination
replaces the primers
DNA polymerase I
seals the nicks and gaps
DNA ligase
seals the nicks and gaps
DNA ligase
has proofreading mechanisms
DNA polymerase III
happens when errors bypassed the polymerase proofreading
Mismatch repair
