G10 Unit 25 (Carbohydrates) Flashcards
general formula of Carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
are molecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates basically contain an aldehyde or a ketone unit, with multiple hydroxyl groups at almost all carbon atoms.
alternate name of Carbohydrates
saccharides
Latin word that means sugar
saccharum
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
are the simplest form of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
carbohydrates are composed of only one basic molecule
Monosaccharides
mono
one
3 Types of Monosaccharides (Sugar)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
common in nature, used as an energy source by many organisms
Glucose
common in plants, especially in fruits
Fructose
found in some plants and in dairy products
Galactose
Classifying Carbohydrates Based on Complexity
open-chain
cyclic forms
open-chain and cyclic forms, and these forms are interchangeable through chemical reactions.
In aqueous solutions, most of the glucose will be found in their cyclic form.
are two monosaccharides bonded to each other
Disaccharides
From the prefix di-, disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine, with water as the other product of the reaction.
3 types of disaccharides
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Components of Lactose
Glucose and Galactose
Components of Maltose
Glucose and Glucose
Components of Sucrose
Glucose and Fructose
Commonly found in milk
Lactose
Many food types, especially fermented products
Maltose
Table sugar
Sucrose
In a disaccharide, the monosaccharides are linked via a _ _
condensation reaction
In a disaccharide, the monosaccharides are linked via a condensation reaction producing an ether (C−O−C) group called
glycosidic bond
are long chains of monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
alternate name of complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
are composed of one type of monosaccharide
homopolysaccharides
multiple types
heteropolysaccharides with multiple types
3 types of Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Chitin
Starch
Found in the cell wall of plants
Cellulose
Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods
Chitin
Energy storage in plants
Starch
main function of carbohydrates
store and provide energy
Carbohydrates are broken down into smaller glucose units, which can be easily absorbed by the cells.
When glucose is further broken down, the energy is released from the chemical bonds. The energy is then used or stored by the body.
Some carbohydrates also serve as the framework of cellular structures.
These carbohydrates serve as a brace or a support structure for the shape and form of the organism or any associated structures to remain intact.
One very important carbohydrate that is used for structural purposes is _
a polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungal cells
chitin
_ chains make up the microfibrils, which in turn are organized into fibrils that make up the cell wall of plant cells
Cellulose
Carbohydrates also form other types of molecules once bonded to specific groups.
are proteins bonded to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
These are very important molecules that serve many functions, like their use as markers or factors that influence viral growth.
Uses of Carbohydrates
Energy Source and Energy Storage
Structural Purposes
As Components of other Molecules
