G10 DNA Keypoints

Question 1

Nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called

Answer 1

nucleotides

Question 2

Nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called nucleotides. They are compounds with three components: _ _ _

Answer 2

a five-carbon sugar,
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base.

Question 3

A strand of nucleic acids is formed by linked nucleotides together via

Answer 3

phosphodiester bonds

Question 4

A DNA strand has a 5’ end where the _ _ is found and a 3’ end where the sugar molecule is located.

Answer 4

phosphate group

Question 5

A DNA strand has a 5’ end where the phosphate group is found and a 3’ end where the _ _ is located.

Answer 5

sugar molecule

Question 6

If the sugar is deoxyribose, then the nucleotides make up the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The genetic material of all living organisms is stored in the DNA.

Question 7

a five-carbon sugar molecule without a hydroxyl (-OH) group at the second carbon

Answer 7

Deoxyribose

Question 8

The nitrogenous base of a DNA has four types

Answer 8

cytosine
thymine
adenine
guanine

Question 9

A DNA molecule has two antiparallel strands referred as the _ and the _ strand. The nitrogenous bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with the complementary nitrogenous bases on the other strand to form a double helix.

Answer 9

coding, template

Question 10

The double helix is right-handed. It twists in the clockwise direction which results in the formation of major and minor grooves.

Question 11

The DNA sequence can be represented by its nitrogenous bases.

Question 12

are nucleic acids involved in protein synthesis. It uses uracil instead of thymine as one of its nitrogenous bases.

Answer 12

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 13

is an accepted principle stating that the genetic information contained in the DNA is copied into daughter cells and transferred to RNA molecules that direct the synthesis of protein molecules

Answer 13

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 14

is the process wherein DNA molecules are duplicated during cell division and passed on to each daughter cell.

Answer 14

Replication

Question 15

Replication is semiconservative, which means that each new copy would contain a strand from the original DNA.

Question 16

Replication occurs in three stages

Answer 16

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 17

helicases unwind the DNA helix while SSBs keep them from reforming the helix

Answer 17

initiation of replication

Question 18

primase attaches an RNA primer at the replication fork where the DNA polymerase starts incorporating free nucleotides and elongating the strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in small, short fragments.

Answer 18

elongation of replication

Question 19

the primers are removed and the nicks and the fragments in the lagging strand are sealed by DNA ligase. After replication, two exact copies of DNA are produced

Answer 19

termination of replication

Question 20

Enzymes proofread the strand and correct any mismatch in the sequence. When the process of DNA replication is completed, the cell is ready to divide.

Question 21

are nucleic acids involved in the translation and transcription of genetic information from DNA

Answer 21

Ribonucleic acids or RNA

Question 22

RNA contains _ instead of thymine

Answer 22

uracil

Question 23

There are three kinds of RNA involved in the synthesis of proteins.

Answer 23

messenger RNA (mRNA)
 ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 24

carries the genetic sequence information and transfers it from the DNA to the ribosomes

Answer 24

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 25

the major component of the ribosomes. It catalyzes the peptide bond formation during the protein synthesis

Answer 25

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 26

serves as the carrier molecules of the amino acids that make up the protein.

Answer 26

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 27

the process of converting the genetic information in DNA to synthesize protein

Answer 27

Transcription

Question 28

_ _ produces a complementary RNA strand called a primary transcript

Answer 28

RNA polymerase

Question 29

Transcription occurs in three stages

Answer 29

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 30

the RNA polymerase, with the help of transcription factors, binds to the promoter region

Answer 30

initiation of transcription

Question 31

addition of the nucleotides starts at the +1 site and continues until it reaches the terminator site

Answer 31

elongation of transcription

Question 32

nucleotides in the resulting strand usually form a hairpin pre-mRNA structure by forming hydrogen bonds to complementary bases present on the same strand.

Answer 32

termination of transcription

Question 33

undergoes post-transcriptional modification where its ends are modified and introns are spliced

Answer 33

premature mRNA

Question 34

The mature mRNA which is composed of exons capped with a _ cap at the 5’-end and a poly-A tail in the 3’-end is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

Answer 34

guanine triphosphate (GTP)

Question 35

The mature mRNA which is composed of exons capped with a guanine triphosphate (GTP) cap at the 5’-end and a _ tail in the 3’-end is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation.

Answer 35

poly-A

Question 36

the process of synthesizing protein as directed by the mRNA. It happens in the cytoplasm, near where the ribosomes stay

Answer 36

Translation

Question 37

brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

Answer 37

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 38

hold the tRNA and the mRNA together and translate the mRNA to polypeptides

Answer 38

Ribosomes

Question 39

The tRNA reads the three-base sequence (called _) in mRNA and links the amino acids.

Answer 39

codon

Question 40

The tRNA similarly uses another set of three-base sequence (called _) that binds to the codon of the mRNA following the base pairing rules.

Answer 40

anticodon

Question 41

The tRNA reads the three-base sequence (called codon) in mRNA and links the amino acids. The tRNA similarly uses another set of three-base sequence (called anticodon) that binds to the codon of the mRNA following the base pairing rules.

Question 42

The amino acids are produced from the mRNA sequence following the genetic code.

Question 43

Translation occurs in three stages

Answer 43

initiation
elongatiob
termination

Question 44

the large and small ribosomal units combine with the mRNA to form initiation complex

Answer 44

initiation of translation

Question 45

an initiator tRNA which encodes for Met recognizes the start codon and enters the P site of the initiation complex. A new tRNA recognizes the next codon and enters the A site. A chemical reaction will combine the two amino acids. The ribosomes will shift into the next codon, and the initiator tRNA exits the E site. This process continues until a stop codon is reached.

Answer 45

elongation of translation

Question 46

the polypeptide is released as the initiation complex dissociates from one another

Answer 46

termination of translation

Question 47

The polypeptide undergoes post-translational modifications where it may be chemically altered to facilitate folding. Properly folded amino acids are then transported to areas where they need to perform their given task.