G10 The Reproductive System: Parts and Functions(Animal Reproduction) Flashcards
sex cells produced by the organism
Gametes
arts of the reproductive system that produce the gametes
Gonads
Male and female organisms produce different kinds of gametes, and these are the cells that fuse together in the process of _ in order to produce a zygote
fertilization
This _ is what will eventually become the new organism.
zygote
Male gametes
sperm cells
gonads of male animals
testes
Male gametes are known as sperm cells. These gametes are produced by the gonads of male animals.
3 parts
head, midpiece, tail
has a large nucleus that carries the haploid set of chromosomes
head of the sperm
has a sac called acrosome that contains enzymes for breaking the egg membranes to fertilize the egg cells
head of the sperm
sac that contains enzymes for breaking the egg membranes to fertilize the egg cells
acrosome
rich in mitochondria to provide energy for the sperm to swim to the egg
midpiece
mostly made up of the flagellum
tail of the sperm
has a beating movement that enables the sperm cell to be motile in order to reach the female gamete during fertilization
It usually only takes _ sperm cell to fertilize a female gamete,
one
but in many animals, it takes collective effort by multiple sperm cells to _ the protective wall of the gamete.
penetrate
Female gametes
egg cells or oocytes
the female gonads
ovaries
Female gametes are known as egg cells or oocytes and are produced by the ovaries, the female gonads.
different structures of follicles
cumulus oophorus granulosa cells theca zona pellucida corona radiata antrum
aids in the development and nourishment of the developing egg cell.
plays a major role in helping the egg reach maturity
cumulus oophorus
help in the production of hormones
granulosa cells
performs many functions which include producing hormones and providing nourishment and support to the developing egg cell
theca
protects the egg cell and plays a role in the interaction between egg and sperm during fertilization.
zona pellucida
used for the nourishment of the egg cell and is the outermost layer of protection
corona radiata
contains fluids that surround the egg
antrum of the follicle
The gametes form as a product of _, which involves the production and maturation of the sex cells
gametogenesis
As a result of gametogenesis, all gametes end up having a _ chromosome number (n)
haploid
During fertilization, the sperm cell (n) fuses with the egg cell (n) forming a zygote with _ chromosomes.
2n
With fertilization restoring the number of chromosomes (_ number, 2n), the number of chromosomes for a species remains the same from one generation to the next.
diploid
process wherein the sperm cell penetrates the protective layers of the egg cell in order to fuse their genetic materials and produce a zygote.
This may seem like a simple process, but there are actually a number of steps involved
Fertilization
Sperm cells utilize their _ to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will not survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to penetrate the layers of the egg cell.
motility
Sperm cells utilize their motility to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will _ survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to penetrate the layers of the egg cell.
not
Sperm cells utilize their motility to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will not survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to _ the layers of the egg cell.
penetrate
The _ which serve to protect and nourish the egg will be penetrated by the sperm, in between their spaces. What follows is the enzymatic degradation of the zona pellucida under the granulosa.
granulosa cells
The granulosa cells which serve to protect and nourish the egg will be penetrated by the sperm, in between their spaces. What follows is the _ _ of the zona pellucida under the granulosa.
enzymatic degradation
Once a sperm cell has entered the _ _, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg cells will fuse, and the nucleus containing the genetic material will also start to fuse with the egg.
zona pellucida
Once a sperm cell has entered the zona pellucida, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg cells will _, and the nucleus containing the genetic material will also start to _ with the egg.
fuse
/plasma membranes, nucleus/
the fertilization of an egg cell by multiple sperms
polyspermy
a series of steps that will prevent polyspermy
hardening of the zona pellucida
loss of sperm receptors
“puffing up” of the corona radiata
types of fertilization occuring inside/outside the body of the female organism
internal fertilization
external fertilization
fertilization happens outside the body of the animal
external fertilization
External fertilization is common to animals inhabiting _ or _ environments
aquatic or moist
The male and female animals will both release sperm cells and egg cells _ the body, and certain chemicals and signals allow the sperm and egg to recognize each other and meet. Fertilization then occurs.
outside
The male and female animals will both release sperm cells and egg cells outside the body, and certain _ and _ allow the sperm and egg to recognize each other and meet. Fertilization then occurs.
/certain/ chemicals and signals
In some cases, animals need to stimulate each other into releasing the gametes. One such example of this stimulation is the _ of frogs, wherein the male frog rides on the back of the female as both deposit eggs and sperm into the outside environment
amplexus
External fertilization results in _ zygotes with lesser protection and parental care. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive heat stress and water loss.
more
External fertilization results in more zygotes with lesser _ and _ _. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive heat stress and water loss.
protection and parental care
External fertilization results in more zygotes with lesser protection and parental care. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive _ _ and _ _.
heat stress and water loss
happens when the male’s sperm cells are directly deposited into the body of the female animal
Internal fertilization
In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the _ _ tract. It results in less number of zygotes but with greater protection and parental care of the young.
/inside/ /the/ female reproductive /tract/
In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the female reproductive tract. It results in _ number of zygotes but with greater protection and parental care of the young.
less /number/
In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the female reproductive tract. It results in less number of zygotes but with greater _ and _ _ of the young.
protection, parental care
Examples of notable organisms that undergo internal fertilization are mammals and birds.
Eggs fertilized internally exhibit different types of development. They may be classified based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized.
Classification of Organisms based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized
oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous
Organisms that lay and hatch their eggs outside their body are called
oviparous
Since the eggs are physically separated from the mother, it is the _ (a substance) that provides nourishment to the developing embryo as it grows. Examples of oviparous organisms are birds.
yolk
When eggs are hatched and retained within the uterus, the organisms are called
ovoviviparous.
Ovoviviparous embryos do _ have an internal connection to the mother’s placenta. Their nourishment will primarily come from yolk within the mother’s body. Examples of ovoviviparous organisms are sharks.
not
Ovoviviparous embryos do not have an internal connection to the mother’s placenta. Their nourishment will primarily come from _ within the mother’s body. Examples of ovoviviparous organisms are sharks.
yolk
Organisms that complete their development in the uterus and are born alive are called
viviparous
Viviparous organisms directly nourish the developing embryos within the body. There are species of organisms, however, that also rely on yolk while being viviparous. Examples of viviparous organisms are all placental mammals.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents, the male and the female, that produce reproductive cells called gametes.
Male gametes are known as sperm cells. These gametes are produced by the gonads of male animals, which are the testes.
Female gametes are known as egg cells or oocytes, and are produced by the ovaries, the female gonads.
Fertilization can occur either inside the body of the female organism or outside. These are referred to as internal or external fertilization.
Eggs fertilized internally exhibit different types of development. They may be classified based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized.
