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Science > G10 The Reproductive System: Parts and Functions(Animal Reproduction) > Flashcards

G10 The Reproductive System: Parts and Functions(Animal Reproduction) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sex cells produced by the organism

A

Gametes

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2
Q

arts of the reproductive system that produce the gametes

A

Gonads

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3
Q

Male and female organisms produce different kinds of gametes, and these are the cells that fuse together in the process of _ in order to produce a zygote

A

fertilization

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4
Q

This _ is what will eventually become the new organism.

A

zygote

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5
Q

Male gametes

A

sperm cells

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6
Q

gonads of male animals

A

testes

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7
Q

Male gametes are known as sperm cells. These gametes are produced by the gonads of male animals.

A
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8
Q

3 parts

A

head, midpiece, tail

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9
Q

has a large nucleus that carries the haploid set of chromosomes

A

head of the sperm

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10
Q

has a sac called acrosome that contains enzymes for breaking the egg membranes to fertilize the egg cells

A

head of the sperm

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11
Q

sac that contains enzymes for breaking the egg membranes to fertilize the egg cells

A

acrosome

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12
Q

rich in mitochondria to provide energy for the sperm to swim to the egg

A

midpiece

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13
Q

mostly made up of the flagellum

A

tail of the sperm

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14
Q

has a beating movement that enables the sperm cell to be motile in order to reach the female gamete during fertilization

A
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15
Q

It usually only takes _ sperm cell to fertilize a female gamete,

A

one

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16
Q

but in many animals, it takes collective effort by multiple sperm cells to _ the protective wall of the gamete.

A

penetrate

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17
Q

Female gametes

A

egg cells or oocytes

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18
Q

the female gonads

A

ovaries

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19
Q

Female gametes are known as egg cells or oocytes and are produced by the ovaries, the female gonads.

A
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20
Q

different structures of follicles

A 
cumulus oophorus
granulosa cells
theca
zona pellucida
corona radiata
antrum
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21
Q

aids in the development and nourishment of the developing egg cell.

plays a major role in helping the egg reach maturity

A

cumulus oophorus

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22
Q

help in the production of hormones

A

granulosa cells

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23
Q

performs many functions which include producing hormones and providing nourishment and support to the developing egg cell

A

theca

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24
Q

protects the egg cell and plays a role in the interaction between egg and sperm during fertilization.

A

zona pellucida

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25
Q

used for the nourishment of the egg cell and is the outermost layer of protection

A

corona radiata

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26
Q

contains fluids that surround the egg

A

antrum of the follicle

27
Q

The gametes form as a product of _, which involves the production and maturation of the sex cells

A

gametogenesis

28
Q

As a result of gametogenesis, all gametes end up having a _ chromosome number (n)

A

haploid

29
Q

During fertilization, the sperm cell (n) fuses with the egg cell (n) forming a zygote with _ chromosomes.

A

2n

30
Q

With fertilization restoring the number of chromosomes (_ number, 2n), the number of chromosomes for a species remains the same from one generation to the next.

A

diploid

31
Q

process wherein the sperm cell penetrates the protective layers of the egg cell in order to fuse their genetic materials and produce a zygote.

This may seem like a simple process, but there are actually a number of steps involved

A

Fertilization

32
Q

Sperm cells utilize their _ to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will not survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to penetrate the layers of the egg cell.

A

motility

33
Q

Sperm cells utilize their motility to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will _ survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to penetrate the layers of the egg cell.

A

not

34
Q

Sperm cells utilize their motility to reach the egg cell. However, many individual cells will not survive the journey. Those that do, however, will work to _ the layers of the egg cell.

A

penetrate

35
Q

The _ which serve to protect and nourish the egg will be penetrated by the sperm, in between their spaces. What follows is the enzymatic degradation of the zona pellucida under the granulosa.

A

granulosa cells

36
Q

The granulosa cells which serve to protect and nourish the egg will be penetrated by the sperm, in between their spaces. What follows is the _ _ of the zona pellucida under the granulosa.

A

enzymatic degradation

37
Q

Once a sperm cell has entered the _ _, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg cells will fuse, and the nucleus containing the genetic material will also start to fuse with the egg.

A

zona pellucida

38
Q

Once a sperm cell has entered the zona pellucida, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg cells will _, and the nucleus containing the genetic material will also start to _ with the egg.

A

fuse

/plasma membranes, nucleus/

39
Q

the fertilization of an egg cell by multiple sperms

A

polyspermy

40
Q

a series of steps that will prevent polyspermy

A

hardening of the zona pellucida
loss of sperm receptors
“puffing up” of the corona radiata

41
Q

types of fertilization occuring inside/outside the body of the female organism

A

internal fertilization

external fertilization

42
Q

fertilization happens outside the body of the animal

A

external fertilization

43
Q

External fertilization is common to animals inhabiting _ or _ environments

A

aquatic or moist

44
Q

The male and female animals will both release sperm cells and egg cells _ the body, and certain chemicals and signals allow the sperm and egg to recognize each other and meet. Fertilization then occurs.

A

outside

45
Q

The male and female animals will both release sperm cells and egg cells outside the body, and certain _ and _ allow the sperm and egg to recognize each other and meet. Fertilization then occurs.

A

/certain/ chemicals and signals

46
Q

In some cases, animals need to stimulate each other into releasing the gametes. One such example of this stimulation is the _ of frogs, wherein the male frog rides on the back of the female as both deposit eggs and sperm into the outside environment

A

amplexus

47
Q

External fertilization results in _ zygotes with lesser protection and parental care. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive heat stress and water loss.

A

more

48
Q

External fertilization results in more zygotes with lesser _ and _ _. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive heat stress and water loss.

A

protection and parental care

49
Q

External fertilization results in more zygotes with lesser protection and parental care. However, since the zygote develops outside the female reproductive tract, it is adapted to survive _ _ and _ _.

A

heat stress and water loss

50
Q

happens when the male’s sperm cells are directly deposited into the body of the female animal

A

Internal fertilization

51
Q

In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the _ _ tract. It results in less number of zygotes but with greater protection and parental care of the young.

A

/inside/ /the/ female reproductive /tract/

52
Q

In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the female reproductive tract. It results in _ number of zygotes but with greater protection and parental care of the young.

A

less /number/

53
Q

In internal fertilization, the zygote develops inside the female reproductive tract. It results in less number of zygotes but with greater _ and _ _ of the young.

A

protection, parental care

54
Q

Examples of notable organisms that undergo internal fertilization are mammals and birds.

A
55
Q

Eggs fertilized internally exhibit different types of development. They may be classified based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized.

A
56
Q

Classification of Organisms based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized

A

oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous

57
Q

Organisms that lay and hatch their eggs outside their body are called

A

oviparous

58
Q

Since the eggs are physically separated from the mother, it is the _ (a substance) that provides nourishment to the developing embryo as it grows. Examples of oviparous organisms are birds.

A

yolk

59
Q

When eggs are hatched and retained within the uterus, the organisms are called

A

ovoviviparous.

60
Q

Ovoviviparous embryos do _ have an internal connection to the mother’s placenta. Their nourishment will primarily come from yolk within the mother’s body. Examples of ovoviviparous organisms are sharks.

A

not

61
Q

Ovoviviparous embryos do not have an internal connection to the mother’s placenta. Their nourishment will primarily come from _ within the mother’s body. Examples of ovoviviparous organisms are sharks.

A

yolk

62
Q

Organisms that complete their development in the uterus and are born alive are called

A

viviparous

63
Q

Viviparous organisms directly nourish the developing embryos within the body. There are species of organisms, however, that also rely on yolk while being viviparous. Examples of viviparous organisms are all placental mammals.

A
64
Q

Sexual reproduction involves two parents, the male and the female, that produce reproductive cells called gametes.
Male gametes are known as sperm cells. These gametes are produced by the gonads of male animals, which are the testes.
Female gametes are known as egg cells or oocytes, and are produced by the ovaries, the female gonads.
Fertilization can occur either inside the body of the female organism or outside. These are referred to as internal or external fertilization.
Eggs fertilized internally exhibit different types of development. They may be classified based on where the organisms develop after being fertilized.

A

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