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Histology > Urinary System Part 2 > Flashcards

Urinary System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is a continuation of

A

thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle

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2
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is present within the

A

cortex

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3
Q

Distal convoluted tubule is lined with

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with short apical microvilli

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4
Q

what does the DCT lack?

A

distinct brush border

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5
Q

DCT is responsible for (2)

A

active resorption of Na and Cl

secretion of H and K ions

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6
Q

DCT is controlled by 2 cell types

A

principal cells

intercalated cells

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7
Q

principal cells—resorb (2), secrete (1)

A

Na & water

K

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8
Q

• intercalated cells—resorb (1), secrete (1)

A

K

H

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9
Q

DCT is controlled by

A

aldosterone (adrenal mineralcorticoid)

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10
Q

collecting tubule is the — portion of nephron

A

terminal

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11
Q

several tubules converge to form larger

A

collecting duct

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12
Q

collecting tubule is visible as — —, lined with

A

medullary rays

thick, simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

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13
Q

collecting tubule converge at

A

renal papilla

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14
Q

Collecting tubule function in (3)

A

Na resorption,
maintenance of acid-base balance,
K secretion & resorption

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15
Q

Collecting tubule contains both (2)

A

principle and intercalated cells

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16
Q

Epithelial cells of collecting duct are normally impermeable to —

A

water

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17
Q

However, in presence of ADH (=vasopressin), secreted by posterior pituitary, collecting tubules

A

become permeable & will resorb water

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18
Q

In conjunction with Loop of Henle & vasa recta forms counter-current exchange mechanism to

A

concentrate urine

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19
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule ~2X as long as distal convoluted
tubule (& much more convoluted), so most tubules in cortex
are

A

proximal convoluted tubules

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20
Q

proximal convoluted tubules appear — in cross section, with — epithelium (+/- — —)

A

round
cuboidal
brush border

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21
Q

Distal convoluted tubules more —, with —epithelium

A

oval to elongate

thinner, flatter (but still cuboidal)

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22
Q

DCT staining

A

Lighter staining cytoplasm, nuclei more prominent

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23
Q

In medulla, see mostly —, fewer —, & occasional —, & surrounding —

A 
Loop of Henle (smallest tubules, with squamous to cuboidal epithelium)
collecting tubules (medium sized)
collecting ducts (largest, with simple cuboidal epithelium)
blood vessels (vasa recta)
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24
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

combined baroreceptor (pressure) & chemoreceptor ([ion])

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25
Q

JGA are specialized areas of

A

affarent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule

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26
Q

JGA are used to regulate systemic BP via

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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27
Q

three components of JGA

A

macula densa
juxtaglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

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28
Q

Macula densa—

A

thickened region on one side of distal convoluted tubule

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29
Q

macula densa contains

A

densely packed cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells

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30
Q

macula densa- chemoreceptor sensitive to changes in

A

[Na] in filtrate

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31
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells—

A

modified smooth Mm cells in wall of afferent arteriole

32
Q

juxtaglomerular cells act as

A

baroreceptors; detect changes in blood pressure

33
Q

juxtaglomerular cells produce — in response to

A

renin

decrease in blood pressure (converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)

34
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells—

A

(= Goormaghtigh cells or Lacis cells)

Flattened cells surrounding afferent and efferent arterioles

35
Q

function of extraglomerular mesangial cells (2)

A

Exact function unclear; provide structural support & phagocytosis
May assist in tubular glomerular feedback (by transmitting signals from cells of macula densa to glomerular mesangial cells)

36
Q

decrease in bp (detected by JG cells) results in

A

renin release

from JG cells in afferent arteriole

37
Q

decrease in bp results in decrease of GFR which results in

A

decrease in Na in distal convoluted tubule (macula densa)

38
Q

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure 3 ways:

A
  • Vasoconstriction (↑ bp)
  • Release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex results in resorption of Na & water from distal convoluted tubule which ↑ bp
  • ADH secretion from posterior pituitary results in ↑ water resorption from collecting tubule (↑ bp)
39
Q

— prevent conversion of angiotensin I

A

ACE-inhibitors

40
Q

ACE inhibitors result in..

A

angiotensin II by blocking action of ACE, preventing bp increase

41
Q

Ureters are muscular tubes, conduct urine from

A

kidneys to bladder

42
Q

Ureters: — shaped lumen in X-S,

lined by

A

stellate or star

transitional epithelium thrown into folds

43
Q

Ureters are fairly —, — lamina propria

A

thick

fibre-elastic

44
Q

Muscularis externa of ureters contains 3 layers of smooth Mm—

A

inner longitudinal & outer circular, plus third outermost

longitudinal layer in lower third of ureter

45
Q

Ureters produce

A

peristaltic contractions to move urine

46
Q

Ureters: surrounding — — of connective tissue

A

fibroelastic adventitia

47
Q

Urinary bladder is lined by

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium) with underlying fibroelastic lamina propria

48
Q

Urinary bladder: three openings define — area of bladder,
two for…
one for…

A

trigone
entry of urine from ureters
exit of urine via urethra (surrounded by internal sphincter of smooth Mm)

49
Q

Peritoneal or visceral surface of bladder covered by

A

fibroblastic adventitia (= serosa)

50
Q

Urethra transfers urine from

A

bladder to outside world

51
Q

length of bladder in humans,

A

~3-5 cm in female, 20 cm in male

52
Q

Urethra is lined by —, with —

A

stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium (occasionally
squamous), with paraurethral mucus glands

53
Q

In male, urethra has 3 sections:

A

Prostatic, membranous, & spongy (penile)

54
Q

Prostatic urethra lined by

A

transitional epithelium, like bladder

55
Q

remaining portions of urethea lined by

A

columnar

56
Q

Females more susceptible to bladder infections because of

A

short urethra

57
Q

Bacterial/fungal (yeast) infection (cystitis, pyelonephritis) results in (2)

A

rbc’s, wbc’s, bacteria in urine,

painful/ burning urination

58
Q

how to diagnose yeast infection

A

urine culture (c.f. sensitivity)

59
Q

treatment of yeast infection

A

antibiotics/antifungals

60
Q

Urination =

A

micturition

61
Q

Excretion of protein (usually albumin) =

A

proteinuria

62
Q

Excretion of glucose =

A

glucosuria

63
Q

Excretion of glucose = glucosuria results in

A

diabetes mellitus (insulin deficiency)

64
Q

increase frequency of urination (polyuria—PU) & drinking (polydypsia—PD) results in

A

diabetes insipidus

65
Q

diabetes insipidus is due to – insufficiency

A

ADH

high volume, dilute (hypotonic) urine

66
Q

Various drugs or metabolites concentrated in urine, may precipitate as

A

crystals; basis of drug testing

67
Q

Crystal, stone formation results in

A

urinary calculi (nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis)

68
Q

~80% of stones =

A

calcium oxalate

69
Q

components of nephrolithiasis (2)

A

genetic

dietary

70
Q

Nephrolithiasis may loge in (3)

A

renal pelvis
ureters
urethra

71
Q

treatment of Nephrolithiasis

A

ultrasound (illithotripsy)

72
Q

complications of Nephrolithiasis (2)

A

hydronephrosis

hydrometer (usually unilateral)

73
Q

BUN (blood test) measures

A

renal function

74
Q

BUN is an indirect measure of

A

renal disease

75
Q

Doesn’t increase until ~75% of functional nephrons lost, known as

A

uremia

Histology (32 decks)

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