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Histology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

a specialized connective tissue in fluid, extracellular matrix

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2
Q

what comprises blood? (3)

A

water
electrolytes
protein

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3
Q

what percentage of blood is plasma?

A

~55%

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4
Q

what is serum?

A

plasma-clotting factors

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5
Q

what does blood transport? (4)

A

nutrients
O2/CO2
waste products
hormones

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6
Q

blood functions in both — and —

A

thermoregulation

homeostasis

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7
Q

what are the three plasma proteins?

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

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8
Q

what is the bulk of the plasma proteins?

A

albumins

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9
Q

albumins are synthesized by the

A

liver

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10
Q

albumins function as transport proteins for

A

insoluble metabolites

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11
Q

albumins are responsible for maintaining

A

colloid osmotic pressure in blood vessels

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12
Q

globulins are used as transport proteins for (2)

A

lipids and heavy metal ions

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13
Q

what are the largest fraction of globulins?

A

immunoglobulins

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14
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

Ab’s synthesized by plasma cells

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15
Q

fibrinogens are the — proteins

A

largest

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16
Q

fibrinogens are —

A

soluble

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17
Q

fibrinogens are synthesized by the —

A

liver

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18
Q

fibrinogens polymerize to form insoluble

A

fibrin during clotting

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19
Q

what is fibrin formed from?

A

prothrombin then thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin

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20
Q

what are formed elements?

A

cells in the blood

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21
Q

what are the three formed elements?

A

rbc
wbc
platelets

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22
Q

formed elements are formed in bone marrow via —

A

hemopoiesis

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23
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

the volume of rbc

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24
Q

why do males have a higher hemocrit?

A

males are slightly larger so their muscles need more o2

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25
Q

what is polycythemia vera?

A

genetic neoplasia, which leads to an increase in rbc production

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26
Q

what is the consistency of blood with polycythemia vera?

A

thick, sludging of blood

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27
Q

what is the buffy coat?

A

WBCs and platelets

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28
Q

PCV

A

packed cell volume

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29
Q

hemocrit is about equal to the

A

PCV, +/- the buffy coat

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30
Q

what is a blood smear?

A

when a drop of blood is smeared, air dried, stained with modified Romanovsky method

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31
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells

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32
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

red cell production

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33
Q

what is myelopoiesis?

A

white cell production

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34
Q

hemopoiesis is under the control of —, secreted by the kidney

A

erythropoietin

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35
Q

hemopoiesis process

A

begins with pluripotential stem cells which differentiates into several unipotential stem cell lines (CFU)

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36
Q

erythropoiesis stages (5)

A 
stem cell (CFU-E)
proerythroblast
erythroblast/normoblast
reticulocyte
mature rbc
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37
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur in adult humans?

A

vascular sinuses of bone marrow of cert bones

especially flat bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and some long bones

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38
Q

is it estimated that we make about – billion rbc daily

A

2.5

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39
Q

in the fetus, hemopoiesis first occurs in the — — in the wall of the — — during the first trimester

A

blood islands

yolk sac

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40
Q

during second semester, hemopoiesis occurs in the – and — — and during the last month of pregnancy in the — —

A

liver and lymphatic tissue

bone marrow

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41
Q

at the time of birth, hemopoiesis is restricted primarily to the

A

marrow cavities

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42
Q

the number of active sites — with age

43
Q

red bone marrow vs yellow bone marrow

A

red: active, contains large number of mature rbc
yellow: fatty, inactive

44
Q

over trends in erythropoiesis (3)

A

progressive decrease in cell size
loss of nucleus and organelles
increase in hemoglobin

45
Q

rbc — in mammals

A

enucleate (remove the nucleus from a cell)

46
Q

before rbc are released into the blood stream, what must occur?

A

the nucleus must be extruded and all organelles must degenerate

47
Q

mature rbc consist of an outer cell membrane containing (3)

A

cytoplasm, hemoglobin, and a few enzymes

48
Q

because rbc lack —, they have a limited life span

A

mitochondria

49
Q

rbc can only make ATP via

A

anaerobic glycolysis

50
Q

senescent rbc are removed from circulation by the

A

liver and spleen

51
Q

what are howell-jolly bodies?

A

occasional, basophilic nuclear remnants visible within the cytoplasm

52
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature rbcs with stippled cytoplasm; still have some rRNA

53
Q

reticulocytes are slightly larger than

A

mature rbc

54
Q

what is reticulocytosis?

A

an increase in reticulocytes in circulation associated with chronic blood loss (hemolytic anemia) aka left shift

older cells are lost quicker than they can be replaced so immature rbc are released more than usual

55
Q

macrocytes

A

red blood cells that are larger than normal, immature

56
Q

when do you see macrocytes?

A

with vitamin B12 & B9 deficiency

57
Q

what is megaloblastic anemia?

A

large numbers of erythrocyte precursors in the peripheral blood

58
Q

diameter of erythrocytes

59
Q

why are erythrocytes biconcave disc shape?

A

deformability because capillaries are 3-4 nm in diameter, so rbc have to fold in half in order to fit through

60
Q

what is the primary structural protein in rbc that allows them to unfold?

61
Q

spectrin provides both (2)

A

resiliency and deformability

62
Q

spectrin binds to the inner surface of the

A

plasma membrane

63
Q

biconcave shape has increase the surface area for

A

gas exchange

64
Q

erythrocytes are involved in CO2 and O2 transport, so they contain large amounts of

A

hemoglobin

Fe containing pigment

65
Q

what is the hemoglobin structure?

A

4 polypeptide chains associated with 4 fe-containing heme groups

66
Q

anemia is a decrease in

A

fe or blood

it is more difficult to carry o2 because of the lack of blood

67
Q

with fe deficient anemia, rbc are (2)

A

microcytic and hypochromic

68
Q

microcytic

69
Q

hypochromic

A

pale staining

70
Q

what causes sickle cell anemia?

A

a signle amino acid substitution

71
Q

what is the single amino acid substitution?

A

valine for glutamic acid

72
Q

sickle cell anemia results in a conformational change in the cell, so it looks

A

sickle shaped

frail, easily damaged

73
Q

the single amino acid substitution changes the 3D structure of the — molecule

A

hemoglobin

74
Q

sickle shaped rbc can also cause damage to

A

endothelial cells of capillary walls due to rough edges

75
Q

sickle cell anemia confers resistance to — because

A

malaria

because with malaria, you remove damaged rbc in from the bloodstream often enough to remove intracellular parasite populations

76
Q

malaria is caused by the intracellular blood parasite

A

plasmodium spp

77
Q

what are platelets/thrombocytes?

A

small, non-nucleated cells containing organelles (cell fragments)

78
Q

platelets are formed from

A

megakaryocytes

79
Q

megakaryocyte nucleus

A

single, multilobed

80
Q

platelets develop from pleated — — in the cytoplasm, platelets “tear off”

A

demarcation channels

81
Q

platelets function in — — to form physical plugs at the site of vascular damage

A

blood clotting

82
Q

what drug impairs platelet function? why?

A

aspirin

inhibits clotting

83
Q

— is a result of cascade interactions between plasma proteins and coagulation factors

A

coagulation

84
Q

coagulation occurs only if the endothelial lining of vessel is

85
Q

extrinsic pathway vs intrinsic pathway

A

faster

slower

86
Q

extrinsic pathway is initiated by the release of the tissue — as a result of tissue damage

A

thromboplastin

87
Q

the intrinsic pathway is initiated by the exposure of

A

collagen

found everywhere, when you have a cut there is almost always collagen present

88
Q

intrinsic pathway requires

A

numerous clotting factors and a longer cascade reaction

89
Q

serotonin is a potent

A

vasoconstrictor

90
Q

coagulation mechanism

A

when the wall of a blood vessel breaks, tissue injury results. this releases thromboplastin, which initiates the extrinsic pathway and also exposes collagen, which initiates the intrinsic pathway. platelets mechanically adhere to exposed collagen and release serotonin. this constricts the smooth muscle in the damaged blood vessel to minimize blood loss.

91
Q

both — are triggered to damage of blood vessels

92
Q

the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge to form a — pathway

A

common

at the point where factor X is activated

93
Q

the common pathway results in conversion of

A

prothrombin to thrombin, which converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

94
Q

coagulation traps (2)

A

platelets and rbc

95
Q

what stops blood clotting?

A

exhaustion of fibrinogen and removal of thrombin from blood during the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

96
Q

antithrombin 3 and heparin are examples of

A

anticoagulants

97
Q

inappropriate clot formation can lead to (3)

A

heart attack
stroke
DIC

98
Q

hemophilia is a deficiency in — —, so blood cannot —

A

clotting factors

clot

99
Q

hemophilia is a result of a defect in the

A

intrinsic pathway

100
Q

how is hemophilia sex linked?

A

it is present in males on the X chromosome

101
Q

hemophilia A is a deficiency of

A

clotting factor 8

102
Q

hemophilia B is a deficiency of

103
Q

hemophilia C is a deficiency of

104
Q

von willebrands disease

Histology (32 decks)

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