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Histology > Leukocytes > Flashcards

Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

are leukocytes mobile?

A

yes

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2
Q

how to leukocytes leave circulation?

A

margination, pavementing (rolling and adhesion) and diapedesis (extravasation)

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3
Q

WBCs stick to endothelial cell surfaces, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries and venules via

A

pseudopodia

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4
Q

leukocytes are attracted via

A

chemotaxis

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5
Q

leukocytes are attracted via chemotaxis to inflammatory sites via

A

cytokines

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6
Q

cytokines

A

any cell product that influences another cell, like pheromones

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7
Q

leukocytes function as part of the — system in tissues

A

immune

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8
Q

what are WBC categorized into? (2)

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

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9
Q

all WBCs possess

A

1’ granules

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10
Q

1’ granules stain blue-purple because they are

A

azurophilic

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11
Q

1’ granules contain

A

lysosoomal enzymes

ex. acid hydrolases

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12
Q

granulocytes also possess

A

specific granules

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13
Q

2’ granulocytes contain (2)

A

lysozyme

alkaline phosphatases

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14
Q

2’ granulocytes exhibit variable

A

staining

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15
Q

types of granulocytes (3)

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

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16
Q

all granulocytes have (2)

A

a single, multi lobed nucleus

prominent cytoplasmic granules

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17
Q

most common type of WBC

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

neutrophils are also known as polymorphonuclear because

A

they used to think it had more than one nucleus due to the multi lobed appearance

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19
Q

do neutrophils have mitochondria?

A

few, they use primarily anaerobic glycolysis

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20
Q

1’ granules of neutrophils contain unique

A

antimicrobial myeloperoxidase

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21
Q

how do 2’ granules stain?

A

either basophilic or eosinophilic (neutral)

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22
Q

what do neutrophils contain? (5)

A 
inflammatory mediators and complement activators 
proteases
defensins 
lactoferrin
lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
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23
Q

neutrophils are released during inflammatory reactions via

A

degranulation

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24
Q

neutrophils contain small 3’ granules which contain

A

gelatinase

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25
Q

gelatinase breaks down

A

collagen

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26
Q

neutrophils are associated with — inflammation, which generally lasts several days

A

acute

vs subacute (1 week-10 days) or chronic (more than 10 days)

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27
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (4)

A

rubor, tumor, calore, et dolore

redness, swelling, heat, pain

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28
Q

are neutrophils mobile?

A

yes, highly mobile, use amoeboid movement

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29
Q

neutrophils are attracted to bacteria and damage tissue by

A

chemotactic factors

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30
Q

phagocytosis is enhanced via —, coating of bacteria with antibodies and complement to enhance phagocytosis

A

opsonization

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31
Q

respiratory burst

A

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

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32
Q

stab cells

A

band cells

immature neutrophils

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33
Q

barr body

A

inactive x chromosome in females

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34
Q

least common WBC

A

basophils

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35
Q

basophils may or may not be —

A

circulating

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36
Q

basophils are equivalent to — cells in tissue

A

mast

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37
Q

mast cell lifespan is uncertain but thought to be

A

long

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38
Q

basophils are characterized by

A

large, basophilic specific granules

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39
Q

what do specific granules contain? (5)

A 
hydrolytic enzymes
heparin sulfate (anticoagulate)
chondroitin sulfate (proteoglycan) 
histamine 
leukotrienes
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40
Q

histamine is a vasoactive amine which results in

A

vasodilation and increase in vascular permeability

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41
Q

leukotrine ex

A

slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS) which results in smooth muscle contraction

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42
Q

EFC

A

eosinophilic chemotactic factor

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43
Q

basophils release granule contents into ECS via

A

degranulation

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44
Q

what type of reaction are basophils used in?

A 
type 1 (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions 
ex. hayfever, asthma, allergic dermatisis
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45
Q

if the hypersensitivity reaction is severe, it results in

A

anaphylaxis

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46
Q

anaphylaxis

A

very rapid, severe immune reaction

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47
Q

what counteracts the effects of basophils?

A

eosinophils

48
Q

eosinophils have cell surface receptors for

49
Q

large eosinophilic specific granules contain

A

hydrolytic enzymes

50
Q

eosinophilic hydrolytic enzymes (4)

A

histaminase (neutralizes histamine)
a special peroxidase called eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)
lysosomal enzymes
major basic protein (neutralizes heparin, kills parasites)

51
Q

what type of reaction are eosinophils important in?

A

hypersensitivity reactions to counteract the effects of basophils

52
Q

eosinophils are chemotactically attracted to basophils and mast cells via

53
Q

eosinophils ameliorate and counteract hypersensitivity reactions and effects of

54
Q

eosinophils ameliorate and counteract hypersensitivity reactions and effects of histamine by releasing

A

eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation)

55
Q

eosinophils have — function, especially against flukes (helminths) and affinity for antigen-antibody complexes

A

antiparasitic

56
Q

how are parasites and antigen-antibodies destoryed?

A

major basic protein and subsequent phagocytosis

57
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

58
Q

agranulocyte nucleus?

A

single, ublobed

59
Q

what granules do agranulocytes possess?

A

1’ (azurophilic) graunles

not 2’ (specific) granules

60
Q

what is the largest WBC?

61
Q

what is the color of the monocyte cytoplasm?

A

gray-blue/lavender

62
Q

what does the nucleus of an monocyte look like?

A

large, indented, kidney bean shaped

63
Q

monocytes are present in the bloodstream for 2-3 days, then extravasate, enter tissue, and become —

A

macrophages

64
Q

macrophages are also known as

A

histiocytes

65
Q

what is the lifespan of macrophages?

A

several months (long lived)

66
Q

fixed tissue —-, mean they remain in the same tissue

A

macrophages

67
Q

monocytes are

  • – in cells the liver
  • – in cells the CNS
  • – in cells the skin
  • – cells in the lung
  • – in the bone
A 
kupfer
microglial
langerhans
dust
osteoclast
68
Q

most macrophages are highly mobile and —, meaning they contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

phagocytic

69
Q

what type of infections are monocytes active in, along with lymphocytes?

A

subacute to chronic

70
Q

monocytes can fuse together to become — — — in chronic granulomas

A

epithelioid giant cells (multinucleate)

71
Q

what do monocytes function as in lymphoid organs?

A

antigen presenting cells

72
Q

what type of infections are lymphocytes active in?

A

subacute to chronic

73
Q

what is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

days to years (can be long lived)

74
Q

what are the two size classes of lymphocytes?

A

small

large

75
Q

the size classes do not correlate with — —

76
Q

what do lymphocytes look like?

A

round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rum of cytoplasm

77
Q

what is the number 1 cell of the immune system?

A

lymphocytes

78
Q

what are lymphocytes the primary cell of the immune system?

A

theyre recirculating, immunocompetent cells

79
Q

2 major types of lymphocytes

A

b cells

t cells

80
Q

where were b cells first recognixed?

A

the bursa of fabricius of birds

81
Q

where are b cells formed and become immunocomepent in mammals?

A

bone marrow

82
Q

what type of immune response do b cells function in?

A

humorally mediated

produce antibodies

83
Q

amplification/colonal expansion

A

after encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of antibody producing plasma cells

84
Q

some b cells and t cells do not replicate, but remain as long lived — cells or — cells

A

memory

effector

85
Q

b cells function in the — response of humoral immunity

A

anamnestic (memory)

86
Q

how do vaccination prevent disease?

A

the body remembers foreign invaders

87
Q

what type of surface markers do b cells have

A

HLA type 2

88
Q

what is found on the surface of b cells?

A

surface immunoglobulins

89
Q

t cell lymphocytes are dependent on

A

the thymus

90
Q

where are t cells formed and where do they become immunocompetent

A

bone marrow

cell-mediated immunity

91
Q

paratopes

A

t cell receptors on the cell surface like those present on Abs

92
Q

epitotes recognize

A

foreign proteins of antibodies

93
Q

CD molecules

A

cluster of differentiation

94
Q

what do HLA receptors on the surface of other cells prevent?

A

self destruction

95
Q

what are the three types of t cells?

A

cytotoxic
suppressor
helper

96
Q

what are the primary effector cells in cell mediated immunity?

A

nk cells (tend to be large lymphocytes)

97
Q

nk cells are also known as

A

cytotoxic cells

98
Q

nk cells recognize cells with foreign surface Ags or receptors and

99
Q

how do nk cells kill?

A

they punch holes in the plasma membrane helper t cells detect

100
Q

t cells detect

101
Q

when do helper t cells secrete lymphokines?

A

when antibody is recognized, presented by a macrophage of b cell

102
Q

function of lymphokines (3)

A

act as pheromones
stimulate b cells to produce antibody
stimulate nk cells to kill

103
Q

suppressor cells suppress the activity of - cells, therefore

A

b cells, dampen the immune response, especially to self molecules

104
Q

what does the loss of control of suppressor cells lead to?

A

autoimmune diseases

105
Q

Th
Tc/Tk
Ts

A

t helper cells
cytotoxic, killer cells
suppressor cells

106
Q

null cells are lymphocytes which possess – receptors but lack specific surface markers of either b or t cells

107
Q

null cells include

108
Q

null cells are potentially —

A

pluripotent

109
Q

null cells are responsible for — — virus infected and tumor cells

A

nonspecific cytotoxicity

110
Q

null cell function is – dependent, cell mediated cytotoxicity

111
Q

mnemonic to remember relative concentrations of MBC

112
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

relative percentages of WBC

113
Q

differential cell count

A

relative percentages of WBCs

114
Q

an increase of WBCs may be due to

A

infection or tumor

  • philia
  • osis
115
Q

a decrease of WBCs may lead to

A

immune suppression/tumor

-penia

116
Q

neutropenia

thrombocytopenia

A

acute viral infection or severe sepsis

decrease in platelets

Histology (32 decks)

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