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Histology > Respiratory System Part 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Embryologically, respiratory tract originates as outgrowth of the

A

GI tract

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2
Q

Respiratory system derived from — —

A

laryngotracheal groove

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3
Q

Develops along — — — — ~ 4th week of development

A

ventral midline of posterior pharynx

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4
Q

Later develops into — —, an outgrowth of —

A

respiratory diverticulum

esophagus

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5
Q

Grows into & interacts with surrounding

A

mesoderm

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6
Q

1’ functions include (3)

A

air conduction, filtration, & gas exchange

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7
Q

2’ functions include (2)

A

olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavity

& phonation (vocalization—speech) from larynx (voicebox)

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8
Q

Respiration divided into (2)

A

mechanical respiration & cellular

respiration

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9
Q

Mechanicalrespiration associated with lungs—functions

in

A

gas exchange (O2 & CO2)

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10
Q

O2 carried to tissues for

A 
cellular respiration (oxidative 
metabolism => ATP, energy)
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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

thin, dome-shaped muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in mammals

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12
Q

With inspiration

A

intercostal Mm contract, raise ribs; simultaneously, diaphragm contracts (lowers) => increases intrathoracic volume => negative pressure in thorax => inspiration

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13
Q

With expiration

A

intercostal Mm relax, lower ribs; diaphragm relaxes (raises) => decrease intrathoracic volume => increase intrathoracic pressure => expiration

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14
Q

Pleural cavities lined by

A

simple, squamous to cuboidal mesothelium

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15
Q

mesothelium overlays thin layer of connective tissue containing

A

elastic fibers

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16
Q

These two layers collectively referred to as

A

pleura

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17
Q

Pleura lining thoracic wall is

A

parietal pleura

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18
Q

parietal pleura is continuous with outer surface of lung as

A

visceral pleura

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19
Q

Two layers (visceral & parietal) separated by space — — containing — –

A

pleural space

pleural fluid

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20
Q

pleural fluid acts as — to

A

lubricant, decrease friction

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21
Q

Pleural space normally contains

partial vacuum resulting in

A

negative

intrathoracic pressure

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22
Q

pleural space assists with

A

inspiration

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23
Q

Breach of pleural space results in

A

pneumothorax

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24
Q

positive intrathoracic pressure, difficulty

breathing & collapsed lung

A

pneumothorax

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25
Q

Remains unilateral due to

A

mediastinum

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26
Q

mediastinum

A

loose connective
tissue layer, separating L & R
hemithoraces

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27
Q

Air enters upper respiratory

tract at

A

nostrils

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28
Q

nostrils

A

external

nares

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29
Q

what do external nares open into?

A

vestibule

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30
Q

Vestibule contains —, help
filter & trap particulate
matter

A

hairs

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31
Q

hairs are also known as — and incorrectly

called

A

sinus hairs, vibrissae

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32
Q

Vibrissae are

A

“sinus
hairs”, meaning the hair
follicle is surrounded by a
blood-filled sinus

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33
Q

Vibrissae

A

Large sensory hairs, aka
“whiskers” in dogs, cats,
rodents

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34
Q

Air then enters

A

nasal

cavity

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35
Q

nasal

cavity contains

A

thin,
scroll-shaped bones,
nasal turbinates/
conchae

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36
Q

nasal cavity is lined with

A

moist, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

covered by mucus

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37
Q

Nasal cavity also contains

A

olfactory receptors (bipolar
neurons) for sense of smell;
synapse with olfactory N (CN
I)

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38
Q

Olfactory epithelium also

contains small #’s of

A

brush

cells

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39
Q

brush

cells

A

columnar cells with

apical microvilli

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40
Q

Generalized sensory cells of
olfactory & respiratory
epithelia

A

brush cells

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41
Q

Air then travels into

2

A

paranasal sinuses &
nasopharynx(series of
interconnected spaces)

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42
Q

Collectively the paranasal sinus and nasopharynx function to (3)

A

filter,

humidify, & warm inspired air

43
Q

Nasopharynx connects to

middle ear via

A

auditory

(Eustacian) tubes

44
Q

auditory
(Eustacian) tubes allows
equilibration of

A

air pressure

45
Q

Entire upper respiratory tract

lined by

A 
pseudostratified, 
ciliated, columnar epithelium
with numerous goblet cells
(secrete mucus); aka 
respiratory epithelium
46
Q

respiratory epithelium is supported by underlying

A

lamina propria of loose

connective tissue

47
Q

Contains numerous glands,

mostly

A

sero-mucus

48
Q

Mucociliary ladder

A

cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi

synchronously beat in metachronal rhythm

49
Q

Moves surface mucus towards — at rate of ~1 cm/min

A

larynx

50
Q

Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers

A

sneeze

reflex

51
Q

Irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers

A

cough

reflex

52
Q

Lower respiratory tractbegins at

A

larynx

53
Q

Digestive tract intersects with respiratory

system where

A

upper & lower respiratory

tracts meet at larynx

54
Q

Opening of esophagus directly behind

opening of

A

trachea

55
Q

Normally, — protects trachea during

swallowing

A

epiglottis

56
Q

epiglottis

A

covers opening of larynx

57
Q

If food enters larynx or trachea, triggers

coughing reflex; may result in

A

choking

58
Q

treatment of choking (2)

A

Heimlich maneuver or emergency

tracheostomy

59
Q

emergency

tracheostomy

A

sharp object in jugular/ suprasternal notch

60
Q

larynx

A

3 single (thyroid, cricoid & epiglottic) & 3 paired (arytenoid, corniculate & cuneiform) cartilages

61
Q

the larynx is composed of (2)

A

hyaline or elastic cartilage

62
Q

what does the larynx house? (2)

A

both true & false vocal folds (chords)

63
Q

where is the larynx located?

A

below glottis (dorsal opening of larynx)

64
Q

what is the larynx covered by?

A

epiglottis

65
Q

False vocal chords located (2) to true vocal chords

A

superior & lateral

66
Q

In addition to —, vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from

A

phonation (speech)

entry of foreign bodies

67
Q

False vocal chords covered by typical — — with associated

A

respiratory epithelium

sero-mucus glands

68
Q

most of epiglottis & true vocal chords covered by

A

stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

69
Q

True vocal chords contain (2)

A

vocalis M & ligament

70
Q

Larynx& epiglottis develop from

A

4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

71
Q

Larynx is innervated by

A

branches of vagus(CN X)

72
Q

Portion derived from 4th arch innervated by

A

superior laryngeal N

73
Q

portion derived from 6th arch innervated by

A

recurrent laryngeal N

74
Q

Inferior to larynx is

A

trachea

75
Q

tracheas lined with

A

respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells & seromucus glands

76
Q

Trachea supported by C-shaped rings of

A

hyaline cartilage

77
Q

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage face — to facilitate —

A

caudally

swallowing

78
Q

Caudal opening contains (2)

A

connective tissue membrane & smooth M, trachealis M

79
Q

Trachea subdivides into (3)

A

1’ or mainstem bronchi
2’or lobar bronchi
3’ or segmental bronchi

80
Q

Bronchi can be identified by presence of (2)

A

supporting cartilage rings or plates & accompanying layer of smooth M +/-sero-mucusglands

81
Q

Cartilage provides support for (3)

A

larynx, trachea, & bronchi

82
Q

cartilage prevents

A

collapse during inspiration

83
Q

Cartilage absent beyond

A

3’ bronchi

84
Q

All bronchi lined by

A

respiratory epithelium with goblet cells & submucosal seromucus glands

85
Q

Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for

A
86
Q

Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for gas exchange called — — — has average volume of ~150 ml

A

anatomical dead space

87
Q

bronchioles sequence

A 
3’ or segmental bronchi 
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory 
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs/ alveoli—
sites of gas exchange, ~ 200 
μm in diameter
88
Q

Bronchioles lack (2)

A

cartilage &

sero-mucus glands

89
Q 
--- --- performs support 
function instead; several levels
A

smooth

Mm

90
Q

As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of
— with loss of — —

A

epithelium, goblet cells

91
Q

Terminal bronchioles possess

A

tall, pseudostratified, ciliated,

columnar epithelium

92
Q

Respiratory bronchioles possess

A

simple, cuboidal to
columnar, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium with occasional
alveoli

93
Q

Gas exchange begins at level of

A

respiratory bronchioles

94
Q

— — contain numerous alveoli lined with simple,

squamous epithelium

A

Alveolar ducts

95
Q

In terminal & respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by

A

Clara cells

96
Q

Clara cells

A

non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells

97
Q

what do the bronchioles produce

A

lipoproteins, 1’ components of surfactant within airways

98
Q

what do lipoproteins prevent

A

sticking together of bronchiole walls

99
Q

bronchioles also function as

A

reserve stem cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage

100
Q

— — are scattered throughout respiratory tract

A

Kulchitsky or K cells

101
Q

Part of diffuse enteroendocrine system—secrete various

A

GI hormones

102
Q

Historical remnants of

A

evolutionary origins from gut

103
Q

Also small #’s of — —

A

brush cells

104
Q

brush cells

A

generalized sensory cells (columnar, with apical microvilli)

Histology (32 decks)

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