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Histology > Urinary System Part 1 > Flashcards

Urinary System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary system the principle organ responsible for? (3)

A

water and electrolyte homeostasis
osmoregulation
acid-base balance

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2
Q

primary function of the urinary system

A

excretion of toxic and metabolic waste products, especially urea and creatinine

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3
Q

urea & creatinine are

A

nitrogen containing compounds from metabolism of proteins

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4
Q

urea

A

1’ nitrogenous waste product in mammals

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5
Q

— is soluble, — is insoluble

A

urea

uric acid

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6
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

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7
Q

BUN includes (4)

A 
urea
creatinine
uric acid
ammonia 
etc
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8
Q

the urinary system is responsible for (2) of various drugs (eg. abx)

A

metabolism and excretion

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9
Q

Kidneys synthesize — & maintain normal bp via —

A

renin

reninangiotensin-aldosterone system

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10
Q

— produced by kidney

A

Erythropoietin

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11
Q

erythropoietin stimulates

A

rbc production (erythropoiesis)

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12
Q

Vit D converted from inactive to active form by (2)

A

liver &

kidney

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13
Q

Kidneys are — organs with fibrous connective

tissue capsule

A

retroperitoneal

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14
Q

Blood vessels & ureters enter/ exit at —

A

hilus

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15
Q

Each kidney supplied by

A

renal A

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16
Q

renal A branches to form (4)

A

interlobar Aa,
then arcuate Aa,
then interlobular Aa,
which give off affarent arterioles to glomeruli

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17
Q

Kidney divided into

A

outer cortex & inner medulla

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18
Q

Cortex contains mostly (2)

A

renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules

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19
Q

Medulla contains mostly (3)

A

loops of Henle, collecting tubules & collecting ducts

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20
Q

— epithelium unique to urinary tract

A

Transitional

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21
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

varying # of layers—

stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= “umbrella cells”)

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22
Q

transitional epithelium is highly —

A

distensible

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23
Q

transitional epithelium allows for changing

A

urine volumes

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24
Q

Functional unit of kidney is the —, ~1 million/ each human kidney

A

nephron

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25
Q

what is the nephron embryologically derived from?

A

nephrogenic blastema, part of developing urogenital ridge

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26
Q

3 types of nephrons

A

cortical/subscapular
juxtamedullary
intermediate

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27
Q

3 major types of nephrons are based on

A

location in the cortex

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28
Q

cortical or subcapsular nephrons— (2)

located. ..
have. ..

A

located in outer rim of cortex

have short loops of Henle

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29
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons— (2)

location. ..
have. ..

A

adjacent to medulla;

have long loops of Henle

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30
Q

intermediate nephrons—(2)

location. .
have. .

A

in middle of cortex;

have intermediate length loops of Henle

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31
Q

two major components of nephrons

A

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

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32
Q

Renal corpuscle function

A

filters blood plasma

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33
Q

renal tubule function

A

collects filtrate

34
Q

Each renal corpuscle has 2 components—

A

Bowman’s capsule & glomerulus

35
Q

Capsule—

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (= parietal layer)

36
Q

what does the capsule form?

A

hollow, dilated end of proximal convoluted tubule, surrounding glomerulus

37
Q

Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as

A

visceral layer

38
Q

Cells of visceral layer highly modified, called —

A

podocytes

39
Q

Space between visceral and parietal layers is

A

Bowman’s space

40
Q

Bowman’s space— (2)
collects…
empties into..

A

collects glomerular filtrate, empties into renal tubule

41
Q

Glomerulus—

A

Network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries

42
Q

Glomerulus is supplied by (2)

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

43
Q

Blood plasma passes through several cell

layers to become

A

filtrate

44
Q

filtrate—

A

water & small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into Bowman’s space

45
Q

First layer of glomerulus consists of (2)

A

capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus & glomerular basement membrane

46
Q

Luminal surface of capillary endothelium negatively charged due to surface layer of

A

glycoprotein, podocalyxin

47
Q

glycoprotein, podocalyxin sets up — charged barrier, prevents loss of
—, large protein molecules

A

negatively

anions

48
Q

Glomerular basement membrane acts as (2)

A

physical barrier & ion-selective filter

49
Q

Space between capillary basement membrane & second layer of cells
(podocytes)—

A

subpodocyte space

50
Q

Podocytes surround glomerular capillaries, possess cytoplasmic extensions known as

A

foot processes

51
Q

Long 1’ foot processes give off

A

short 2’ foot processes (= pedicels)

52
Q

Spaces between processes are

A

filtration slits— ~40 nm in diameter

53
Q

filtration slits contain — —, made of the protein

A

slit diaphragms

nephrin

54
Q

slit diaphragms act as additional barrier, function to restrict passage of (4)

A

large macromolecules (MW > 69K),
proteins,
negatively charged molecules,
blood cells

55
Q

Podocytes have — function & can remove trapped —

A

phagocytic

macromolecules

56
Q

Resultant glomerular — passed to renal tubule

A

ultrafiltrate

57
Q

Renal tubule length

A

~55 mm long in humans

58
Q

4 distinct zones of Renal tubule

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule/duct
59
Q

each distinct zone has different — —, starts at — —-

A

physiological function

Bowmans capsule

60
Q

renal tubule is lined by

A

simple, cuboidal epithelium

61
Q

Filtrate produced at rate of ~— ml/min in humans

A

120

62
Q

1’ function of renal tubules —selective resorption of (3) from glomerular filtrate

A 
water,
inorganic ions (Na & bicarbonate), 
large molecules (e.g., AA’s, proteins, glucose)
63
Q

Concentration of — products in renal tubules

A

waste

e.g., urea, creatinine, excess H+ & K+

64
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is confined to

A

cortex

65
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule is the primary site of

A

water resorption;

resorbs ~75% of water & ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate

66
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule are facilitated by

A

aquaporins

67
Q

aquaporins

A

integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H2O in brush border of epithelial cells

68
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule also reabsorbs all (3)

A

proteins
AA
sugars (glucose)

69
Q

brush border

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli

70
Q

brush border is a characteristic of

A

proximal convoluted tubule

71
Q

4 parts of the loop of henle

A
  • pars recta (thick descending limb)
  • thin descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
72
Q

Bulk of loop extends into —; — length

A

medulla

variable

73
Q

Thin limbs are long in — nephrons & short in — nephrons

A

juxtamedullary

cortical

74
Q

Thin limb has — — epithelium; thick limb has — — epithelium

A

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

75
Q

Pars recta has brush border of

A

apical microvilli

76
Q

Loop of Henle surrounded by peritubular capillary network,

A

vasa recta

77
Q

Countercurrent multiplier functions to

A

generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla

via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

78
Q

Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by

A

proximal convoluted tubule in cortex

79
Q

Higher extracellular [Na] in medulla combined with water resorption by
proximal convoluted tubule in cortex results in

A

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient

80
Q

cortico-medullary interstitial gradient produces

A

counter current (exchange) multiplier system of urine concentration

81
Q

counter current (exchange) multiplier system of urine concentration—results in production of

A

hypertonic urine

Histology (32 decks)

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