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Histology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

the study of cells

the precursor to pathology

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2
Q

cells

A

functional units of living organisms

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3
Q

differentiate

A

to perform special functions

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4
Q

tissue

A

cells with similar morphology/function

homogenous

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5
Q

organs

A

anatomically discreet collections of tissues that perform certain functions

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6
Q

parenchyma

A

cells that make up the functional elements of an organ

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7
Q

stroma

A

structural framework of an organ, background tissue

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8
Q

systems

A

tissues and organs organized

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9
Q

systems may be (2)

A 
discreet entities (CNS)
diffuse aggregates (immune system)
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10
Q

5 basic tissue types

A 
blood
connective tissue 
epithelium
muscle
nervous tissue
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11
Q

blood

A

fluid tissue, contained within vessels of circulatory system
only fluid tissue

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12
Q

connective tissue

A

surrounds and supports other tissue
underlies and supports
common in stroma

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13
Q

epithelium

A

covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands

EX. respiratory tract, GI tract

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14
Q

muscle

A

contains specialized contractile cells responsible for movement

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15
Q

nervous tissue

A

contains modified cells responsible for intercellular communication and coordination of body systems

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16
Q

unfixed tissues autolyze/denature because of

A

rotting which leads to protein denaturation

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17
Q

tissue denaturation can be prevented with

A

fixation in formalin

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18
Q

formalin

A

37% formaldehyde

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19
Q

formalin leads to

A

cross-linking of proteins, preservation of tissue

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20
Q

put cut tissues into

A

cassettes

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21
Q

dehydrate tissue through a

A

series of alcohol baths and clear with xylene

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22
Q

embedding

A

prevents the tissue from falling apart

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23
Q

embed the tissue in

A

liquid paraffin or plastic resin (MMA)

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24
Q

downside to resin

A

it is expensive and difficult to stain the sections

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25
Q

microtome

A

6-7 um

thin section of tissue

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26
Q

mount tissue on slides by

A

gluing the tissue onto the slide

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27
Q

then deparaffinize section

A

remove paraffin

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28
Q

rehydrate the tissue with

A

alcohol and xylene (reverse order of baths)

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29
Q

hematoxylin

A

dark blue
basic dye
stains acids (ie. nuclei)
basophilic

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30
Q

eosin

A

pink
acidic dye
stains bases (ie. proteins)
eosinophilic

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31
Q

GMS

A

silver stain (fungi)

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32
Q

gram stain

A

bacteria

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33
Q

after staining, add a coverslip for

A

protection

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34
Q

animal cells are surrounded by flexible

A

cell membranes called plasmalemma

35
Q

plasmalemma functions as a

A

semi-permeable membrane (SPM)

allows the interior of the cells to communicate with its external environment

36
Q

cell membrane forms a

A

phospholipid bilayer

amphoteric/amphipathic

37
Q

hydrophilic portion contains

A

positively charged N groups and charged phosphate groups

38
Q

hydrophobic portion contains

A

two long FA’s, covalently linked to glycerol

39
Q

trilaminar appearance of cell membrane in EM

A

2 electron dense layers (hydrophilic, phospholipid heads)

separated by electron lucent layer (hydrophobic, FA tails)

40
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

fluidity of the membrane increases with increas in temp and decrete with the saturation of FA’s

41
Q

— helps regulate fluidity and stabilize membrane

A

cholesterol

42
Q

as cholesterol increases,

A

the membrane stiffens and fluidity decreases

43
Q

membrane proteins function (2)

A

cell-cell recognition

surface receptors

44
Q

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

A

proteins on the surface of membrane

45
Q

intrinsic/integral proteins

A

proteins incorporated within membrane

46
Q

transmural/transmembrane

A

extend from one side of the membrane to the other

47
Q

pores

A

openings in transmembrane proteins which are always open

48
Q

channels

A

openings in transmembrane proteins which open and close

49
Q

channels and pores are used for

A

active or passive transport of hydrophilic molecules

50
Q

pumps

A

serve to transport ions across membrane

ex. Na/K pump

51
Q

channels

A

allow passage of water soluble molecules via diffusion

52
Q

receptor proteins

A

allow for cell recognition and binding on cell membrane

ex. immune mediated reactions

53
Q

transducers

A

initiate enzymatic reactions following binding with ligand molecules
ex. hormones

54
Q

enzymes

A

components of ion pumps and digestive action

55
Q

structural proteins

A

adds mechanical stability to membrane

56
Q

glycocalyx

A

membrane proteins/lipids which are conjugated with short polysaccharide chains containing glucose molecules

57
Q

glycocalyx collectively refers to (2)

A

glycoproteins

glycolipids

58
Q

functions of gylcocalyx (3)

A

protects surface of cell membrane
may be involved in cell recognition
important in mediating exchange between internal and external cell environment

59
Q

simple diffusion occurs

A

down a concentration gradient

60
Q

some agents pass directly through the plasma membrane, such as

A

lipids
gases (o2, co2)
some small hydrophilic molecules (water, urea, bicarbonate)

61
Q

larger water-soluble molecules use

A

pores or channels in transmembrane proteins

62
Q

facilitated diffusion requires

A

carrier molecules

63
Q

facilitated diffusion relies on

A

passive diffusion and a concentration gradient

64
Q

facilitated diffusion is also called

A

carrier-mediated diffusion

65
Q

facilitated diffusion mechanism

A

reversible binding and unbinding to transport water-soluble, hydrophilic molecules
(ex. glucose, amino acids)

66
Q

ion channels can be

A

gated or ungated

67
Q

ungated ion channels

A

always open, pores

68
Q

gated ion channels

A

can be open or closed, allows selective permeability

69
Q

ion channels require the presence of

A

a stimulus to open

70
Q

the stimulus causes

A

a conformational change of protein

71
Q

voltage gating requires a

A

change in membrane potential to open

72
Q

chemical gating requires

A

binding of a signaling molecule or neurotransmitter

73
Q

both passive and facilitated diffusion are enhanced by an increase in

A

surface area of cell membrane via folding

74
Q

aquaporins

A

important type of channel that uses facilitated diffusion

allows water to cross the pm faster than by simple diffusion alone

75
Q

active transport is independent of

A

concentration (against a concentration gradient)

76
Q

active transport occurs at

A

specialized “dynamic pore sites” (usually transmembrane proteins)

77
Q

bulk (vesicular) transport requires

A

energy (ATP)

78
Q

bulk transport

A

engulfment of molecules or particles by cytoplasmic extensions aka endocytosis

79
Q

phagocytosis vs pinocytosis

A

phago: solid
pino: liquid

80
Q

bulk transport resilts in the formation of membrane bound, endocytic vacuoles called

A

endosomes or phagosomes

81
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

extracellular molecules (ligands) bind to receptor proteins, or clathrins, located in coated pits (caveolae) of cell membrane

82
Q

clathrins

A

most common receptor protein

83
Q

caveolar

A

coated pits

84
Q

transcytosis

A

transport of material across or through a cell, via sequential endocytosis followed by exocytosis

Histology (32 decks)

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