Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Cytoskeleton and Cell Division > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeleton provides structural support for

A

plasma membrane and cell organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of cytoskeleton (3)

A
  • intracellular movement/transport of substances (large molecules/organelles)
  • cell locomotion (amoeboid movement, embryonic development, cili, flagella)
  • muscle contraction (specialized cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 main elements of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microfilaments are important in maintaining

A

cells shape

facilitate shape during movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

actin diameter

A

6-8 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

actin strands are made of

A

smaller G-actin subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

G actin

A

small, globular protein monomer, polymerizes to form protofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 protofilaments twist together to form a

A

double helix, F actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

actin links with filamin beneath the plasma membrane to form a

A

support meshwork called cell cortex (terminal web)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

actin prevents the cell from

A

deformation by reenforcing the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

actin is also found in (2)

A

microvilli

stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

myosin thick filament diameter

A

15 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myosin is classified as

A

motor protein along with dyenin and kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myosin shape

A

long and rod shaped with globular heads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myosin forms

A

thick, ropy cables with myosin heads sticking out the sides (braiding golf clubs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

myosin heads form

A

cross-bridges between adjacent filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is required for muscle contraction? (2)

A

Ca

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

intermediate filaments diameter

A

8-10 or 10-15 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intermediate filament structural function

A

1’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

heterogenous group

A

molecular makeup varies between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

generally forms large filaments which bind with

A

intracellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

there are several different classes of intermediate filaments, meaning

A

1 cell may produce more than 1 type of filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

intermediate filaments are useful in (2)

A

immunohistochemistry

tumor ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cytoketatin

A

characteristic of all epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cytokeratin in the epidermis of the skin forms

A

tonofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vimentin

A

found in mesodermal cells of mesenchymal origin

(includes endothelial cells, muscle cells, neuroectodermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

desmin

A

unique to muscle cells, mesodermal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

neurofilament proteins

A

present in nerve cells (neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GFAP

A

found in glial support cells of the nervous system

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

lamin

A

forms a layer on the inside of the nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

intermediate filaments (6)

A 
cytokeratin
vimentin
desmin
neurofilament proteins
GFAP
lamin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

microtubule diameter

A

24 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

microtubules are compoased of which 2 globular protein subunits

A

alpha and beta tubulin

arranged in a coiled, spiral pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

microtubules polymerize to form

A

hollow tubes

readily assembles and disassembles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

microtubules are involved in (3)

A

cell movement
maintenance of cell shape
intracellular transport of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

microtubule movement occurs via

A

addition or subtraction of tubulin subunits from microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

motor proteins — & — attach microtubules to organelles to allow for movement in the cytoplasm

A

dyenin

kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) provide

A

energy as ATPase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

stabilize microtubules along with

A

capping proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

classic example of microtubules during cell division

A

cell spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

drugs that inhibit polymerization of microtubules and cell division (3)

A

colchicine
vincristine
vinblastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

microtubules are found in (4)

A

cilia and flagella
centrioles
basal bodies of cilia
mitotic spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

axoneme

A

9 pairs of microtubules (peripheral doublets) containing dynein arms (link doubles together) arranged in a circle with a central doublet in the middle
(9+2 structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

central doublets connect to peripheral doubles by

A

radial spokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

peripheral doublets connect to each other by the protein

A

nexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

in cilia, the basal axoneme grows from the

A

basal body

derived from modified centriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

centrioles are normally located in the

A

centrosome

cell center, near nucleus and function in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

centrioles during cell division

A

pair of centrioles (diplosome) oriented at right angles to each other within the centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

each centiole consists of

A

9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

centrioles acts as a — — for microtubules

A

nucleation center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

during mitosis, centrioles divide and each pair goes to the opposite poles of the cell to form the

A

mitotic spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the mitotic spindle controls the

A

distribution of chromosomes in daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

movement of chromosomes occurs via addition and subtraction of tubulin subunits and attachment proteins (dyenin and kynsesin) to — at the

A

chromatids

kinetochore (centromere)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A

growth and replication of the cell

55
Q

mitosis phases

A 
interphase
prophase 
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
56
Q

what is interphase?

A

the resting phase, or time between divisions

57
Q

which phase occupies most of the life of a cell?

A

interphase

58
Q

subphases of interphase (3)

A

G1
S
G2

59
Q

G1 phase

A

first gap phase

60
Q

which phase is the longest?

A

G1

61
Q

what occurs during G1 phase? (3)

A

cell growth
maturation
differentiation

62
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

63
Q

hypertrophy occurs during

A

G1

64
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

65
Q

hypertrophy occurs during

A

mitosis

66
Q

S phase

A

synthesis phase

67
Q

what occurs during S phase?

A

replication of DNA prior to division

68
Q

at the beginning of S phase, chromosome number is –, at the end it is –

A

2n

4n

69
Q

prior to replication, in S phase, each chromosome has a — — with an — —

A

single chromatid

attached centromere

70
Q

following replication in S phase, each chromosome contains - chromatids connected by a —

A

2

centromere

71
Q

when does replication of centrioles occur?

A

S phase

2 diplosomes

72
Q

G2 phase

A

2nd gap phase

73
Q

what occurs during G2 phase?

A

preparation for mitosis

74
Q

during G2, — and — are synthesized for the mitotic spindle

A

ATP

tubulin

75
Q

M phase

A

cell division portion of mitosis

76
Q

M phase is characterized by — followed by —

A

karyokinesis (nuclear division)

cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

77
Q

M phase results in

A

2 daughter cells

78
Q

how long does S, G2, and M phase take?

A

several hours each

79
Q

during S and M phases, chromosomes

A

condense

become visible, look like coiled snakes

80
Q

during G1 and Go, chromosomes exist in an

A

unraveled mass

81
Q

some cells lose the capacity for

A

cell division

82
Q

is Go permanent or reversible?

A

it can be either depending on the cell type

83
Q

facultative dividers

A

retain capacity for division with the proper stimulus

ex. reserve stem cells

84
Q

terminally differentiated cells

A

lose capacity to divide

ex. neurons, cardiac myocytes

85
Q

during prophase, chromosomes are visibly

A

condensed

86
Q

during prophase, microfilaments an microtubules of cytoskeleton

A

disaggregate

87
Q

during prophase, centrioles migrate to poles of the cell, form spindle apparatus with — — between them

A

interpolar microtubules

88
Q

— — and — disappear at the end of prophase

A

nuclear membrane

nucleoli

89
Q

during prometaphase, mitotic spindle attaches to

A

chromosomes at the kinetochore

90
Q

during metaphase, chromosomes

A

line up along the equator (metaphase plate)

91
Q

during anaphase,

A

centromeres split apart, chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell

92
Q

chromosomes are pulled by microtubules connecting

A

centriole and kinetochore

93
Q

during telophase, the mitotic spindle

A

disaggregates

94
Q

what reappears during telophase? (2)

A

nuclear envelope reassembles

nuclei reappear

95
Q

during telophase, the plasma membrane forms a — —

A

cleavage furrow

96
Q

cytokinesis results in

A

2 genetically identical. daughter cells

97
Q

plant cells dont make a cleavage furrow, they make a

A

cell wall in the middle of the cell

98
Q

mitotic index is used to describe the

A

proportion of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time

99
Q

mitotic index is important in

A

tumors

estimated by counting the number of mitotic figures/HPF (normally <1)

100
Q

sexual reproduction requires the production of

A

haploid gametes (egg and sperm)

101
Q

haploid gametes are produced via

A

gametogenesis

102
Q

spermatogenesis

A

occurs only in germ cells of male gonads

103
Q

oogenesis

A

occurs only in germ cells of female gonads

104
Q

meiosis involves chromosomal duplication followed by – consecutive cell divisions in haploid gametes

A

2

105
Q

fusion of gametes (fertilization) produces

A

diploid zygote (fertilized egg)

106
Q

meiosis result sin the formation of

A

two daughter cells

107
Q

meiosis 1 differs from mitosis in what two ways?

A

during prophase 1, homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrads, with exchange of chromatin via crossing over (chiasmata formation)
results in hybrid chromatids different from parents
each chromosome pair has potential for crossing over during prophase 1 (23 pairs total in humans)

centromeres do not split during anaphase 1

108
Q

why do we want crossing over?

A

if the environment changes and you want your offspring to survive, you want variation within your offspring so some of them may survive

109
Q

between the first and second meiosis, there is a brief

A

interphase 2 (interkinesis) with no replication of DNA

110
Q

there is no — — in prophase 2

A

crossing over

111
Q

during anaphase 2,

A

centromeres split

112
Q

during telophase 2,

A

cytokinesis yields four haploid gametes, each genetically unique

113
Q

during gametogenesis in males, - or - visible gametes (sperm) are produced

A

3 or 4

114
Q

during gametogenesis in females, cytoplasmic division is

A

unequal

1 functional gamete (ovum) and 2 or 3 functional polar bodies

115
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin?

when does oogenesis begin?

A

puberty

during fetal development

116
Q

oogenesis timeline

A

begins during fetal development
female germ cells enter prophase 1 about 5th month of gestation during fetal development and stop
remain in prophase 1 until ovulation (12-50 years later)

117
Q

some cells have a finite, predetermined life span, such as (2)

A

epithelial cells of skin

GI tract

118
Q

apoptosis occurs during — development

A

fetal

webbed tissue

119
Q

apoptosis can occur during the growth and regulation of

A

ovarian follicles and CL

120
Q

apoptosis can be triggered by the destruction of

A

virus/tumor infected cells

121
Q

clonal deletion in thymus

A

apoptosis to remove t-cells that react to self molecules

122
Q

failure of clonal deletion may lead to

A 
autoimmune diseases 
(the body produces antibodies to itself)
123
Q

apoptosis mechanism

A

condensation of nuclear chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus (pyknosis)
cell swells as a result of influx of water due to loss of ATP to maintain pumps in the cell membrane
lysosomes release catalytic enzymes into the cytoplasm (autolysis)
the cytoplasm becomes bright pink (eosinophilic)

124
Q

pyknosis

A

shrinkage of the nucleus

125
Q

autolysis

A

when lysosomes release catalytic enzymes into the cytoplasm

126
Q

the final apoptosis pathway is initiated by

A

caspace cascade

127
Q

caspases are normally

A

inactive enzymes

128
Q

karyolysis

A

chromatin in nucleus begin to degenerate

129
Q

karyorhexis

A

nuclear material begins to fragment and nuclear membrane disintegrates

130
Q

apoptotic bodies

A

fragmented nuclear debris

131
Q

apoptosis results in dead, — cells

A

necrotic

132
Q

necrotic cells are later phagocytosed by

A

neutrophils

133
Q

necrosis also refers to death of cells as a result of (3)

A

inflammation, traumatic injury, or pathology

Histology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions