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Histology > GI Tract Part 1 > Flashcards

GI Tract Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal extends from

A

oral cavity to anus

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2
Q

Breakdown of food occurs in 5 phases—

A

ingestion, fragmentation, digestion, absorption, & elimination

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3
Q

— occurs in oral cavity, accompanied by —; results in — formation

A

Ingestion
fragmentation
bolus

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4
Q

Stomach completes fragmentation & initiates —

A

digestion

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5
Q

Contractions of smooth Mm

A

peristalsis

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6
Q

peristalsis is under — control

A

autonomic

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7
Q

In duodenum, pancreatic & biliary secretions results in

A

emulsificationof fat

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8
Q

In jejunum & ileum, 1’ absorption of

A

nutrients

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9
Q

In colon, resorption of — & elimination of —

A

water

waste

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10
Q

GI tract is a muscular tube lined by

A

mucus membrane

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11
Q

Large #’s of — associated with GI tract

A

glands

e.g., liver, pancreas & intestinal glands; embryological outgrowths of GI tract

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12
Q

— scattered throughout GI tract

A

Diffuse lymphoid tissue (MALT, GALT)

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13
Q

4 distinct layers of GI tract:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa& adventitia(=serosa)

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14
Q

Mucosa has 3 overall functions:

A

protection, secretion & absorption

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15
Q

GI tract is subdivided into 3 layers:

A

epithelium, lamina propria, & muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

epithelium—

A

secretory & absorptive functions; different modifications at different levels of GI tract

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17
Q

lamina propria—

A

underlying connective tissue; contains lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels & lymphatics

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18
Q

muscularis mucosae—

A

thin layer of smooth Mm; boundary between mucosa & submucosa

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19
Q

Submucosa—

A

loose to dense irregular connective tissue layer beneath muscularis mucosae

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20
Q

submucosa supports —, and contains (3)

A

mucosa

larger blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

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21
Q

Muscularis externa(= propria)—

A

usually inner circular & outer longitudinal smooth Mm layers

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22
Q

Muscularis externa mm fibers oriented at —

A

right angles

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23
Q

Segmentation—

A

local contractions

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24
Q

local contractions results in

A

mixing of food

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25
Q

how does segmentation occur? both…

A

proximally and distally, in either direction

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26
Q

Peristalsis—propels food — only

A

distally

aborally

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27
Q

Adventitia—

A

outer loose connective tissue layer, contains major Nn, vessels, & adipose tissue

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28
Q

Within abdominal cavity, referred to as

A

serosa(= visceral peritoneum)

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29
Q

Continuous with supporting —

A

mesentery

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30
Q

Lined by simple squamous epithelium (= —)

A

mesothelium

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31
Q

In other areas, adventitia merges with — tissue

A

retroperitoneal

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32
Q

Smooth Mm of gut controlled by

A

autonomic nervous sys

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33
Q

parasympathetic stimulation —

A

excitatory

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34
Q

sympathetic stimulation is —

A

inhibitory

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35
Q

Parasympathetic motor Nn synapse with ganglia located

A

near effector organ

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36
Q

in GI tract, ganglia located

A

within wall of gut, within submucosa & muscularis externa

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37
Q

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa; called

A

Meissner’s plexus(= submucosal plexus)

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38
Q

Larger clusters located between inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers called

A

myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus

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39
Q

Short, muscular tube, lined
by stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium

A

esophagus

40
Q

In upper third, muscularis

externa composed of

A

voluntary skeletalMm

41
Q

Middle third is made of

A

skeletalMm &

smoothMm

42
Q

Lower third is made of

A

smooth Mm only

43
Q

Gastro-esophageal
junction between
esophagus & stomach
contains

A

gastroesophageal

sphincter

44
Q

Pyrosis

A

“heartburn”

45
Q

heartburn is due to

A

regurgitation of stomach
acid into distal
esophagus from cardia of
stomach

46
Q

Regions of stomach: (3)

A

cardia, fundus, & pylorus

47
Q

cardia—surrounded by

A

smooth Mm cardiac sphincter

48
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

49
Q

cardiac spinchter is located adjacent to

A

esophagus

50
Q

cardia contains predominately

A

mucous secreting glands

51
Q

glandular portion of stomach

A

fundus

52
Q

what does fundus secrete (3)

A

acid, pepsin, & some mucus

53
Q

Some texts differentiate fundus from corpus (body); both

A

glandular (fundus closer to cardia, corpus closer to pylorus)

54
Q

pylorus contains 1’

A

mucus (& gastrin) secreting glands

55
Q

— controls outflow from stomach into duodenum

A

Smooth Mm pyloric sphincter

56
Q

Peptic/gastric ulcer

A

loss of
stomach/duodenal
epithelium/ mucosa

57
Q

Ulcer

A

damage extends below
level of basement membrane
(=> bleeding)

58
Q

Erosion

A

partial loss of

epithelium (no bleeding)

59
Q

Tx of peptic/gastric ulcer with

A

antacids (e.g.,

tagamet, cimetidine)

60
Q

Ulcers frequently associated

with chronic infection with

A

Helicobacter pylori

61
Q

stomach produces

A

urease

62
Q

urease

A

increases gastric pH

secondarily increases acid production

63
Q

Tx of ulcers with

A

“triple therapy”—2
long-term abx & proton
pump inhibitor (prevents H+
secretion)

64
Q

stomach

A

distensible organ used for food storage

65
Q

how many chambers in the stomach

A

single in most animals

66
Q

Food undergoes mechanical breakdown via — & chemical breakdown via

A

muscular activity

gastric secretions to form chyme

67
Q

In addition to inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers of stomach, also third inner — layer in muscularis externa

A

oblique

68
Q

Little absorption occurs in stomach, except for (3)

A

water, alcohol, & some drugs (e.g., aspirin)

69
Q

Stomach lining contains prominent longitudinal folds, —

A

rugae

70
Q

In glandular body of stomach, mucosa contains prominent

A

gastric pits (= foveolae)

71
Q

what do gastric pits form?

A

entrance to gastric glands (straight, tubular glands)

72
Q

gastic glands secrete ~– liters watery gastric juice/ day

A

2

73
Q

what does gastric juice contain (5)

A 
HCl (pH ~1)
pepsinogen (inactive precursor of pepsin, hydrolyzes protein)
gastrin
rennin
lipase
74
Q

Pepsinogen converted to pepsin by action of —

A

HCl

75
Q

Mucosa itself protected by thick layer of —

A

mucus

76
Q

Gastric glands contain several types of cells—5 different classes:

A 
mucous secreting cells 
acid secreting cells 
pepsin secreting cells 
enteroendocrine cells 
undifferentiated stem cells
77
Q

acid secreting cells =

A

= parietal cells= oxyntic cells

78
Q

what do acid secreting cells secrete (2)

A

HCl & intrinsic factor

79
Q

HCl & intrinsic factor are necessary for

A

absorption of Vit B12 from ileum

80
Q

Most numerous in middle third of gland, stain pinkto purple

A

acid secreting cells

81
Q

pepsin secreting cells = (3)

A

chief cells, pepticcells, or zymogeniccells

82
Q

what do pepsin secreting cells secrete?

A

inactive pepsinogen

83
Q

where are pepsin secreting cells located

A

base of gland (bottom third)

84
Q

how do pepsin secreting cells stain? why?

A

stain purple due to large #’s of ribosomes

85
Q

Parietal & chief cells have long life spans; replaced every..

A

1 yr

86
Q

Parietal & chief cells controlled by — & hormones from —

A

autonomic nervous system

endocrine cells in region of pylorus

87
Q

enteroendocrine cells =

A

APUDcells (amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation)

88
Q

paracrine cells target cells within — vicinity

A

local

89
Q

what do paracrine cells secrete

A

variety of peptide hormones in response to local factors; control GI motility, gastric secretion

90
Q

gastrin

A

secreted by “G” cells

stimulates secretion of HCl & pepsin

91
Q

somatostatin

A

sec by “D” cells

inhibits secretion of gastrin

92
Q

secretin(secreted by “S” cells), inhibits — & stimulates —

A

gastric secretion

smooth Mm contraction

93
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells—mainly in — of gland

A

neck

94
Q

undifferentiated stem cells continuously divide to

A

replace lost or damaged epithelial cells

95
Q

As undifferentiated stem cells mature, migrate

A

up or down gland

Histology (32 decks)

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