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Histology > Skeletal System Part 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Concentric bony lamellae laid down by successive layers of

A

osteoblasts

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2
Q

Osteoblasts become trapped in lacunaein osteoid matrix & mature into

A

osteocytes

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3
Q

Osteocytes connected by minute canals (canaliculi) containing — —

A

cytoplasmic extensions

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4
Q

canaliculi communicate with each other via

A

gap junctions

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5
Q

Within center of each osteon is

A

Haversian canal (canal of Havers)

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6
Q

Haversian canal contains (2)

A

blood vessels & Nn

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7
Q

Longitudinal Haversian canals are connected by

A

transverse Volkmann’s canals

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8
Q

Exchange of waste & nutrients occurs via

A

Haversian vessels

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9
Q

Haversian systems oriented parallel to

A

long axis of bone

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10
Q

Inactive Haversian systems known as

A

interstitial systems

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11
Q

Spongy & woven bone lack

A

Haversian system

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12
Q

Haversian system is present only in

A

compact lamellar bone

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13
Q

Outer periphery of cortical bone arranged in

A

circumferential lamellae

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14
Q

Covered by dense connective tissue called

A

periosteum

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15
Q

bone growth is controlled by (3)

A

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, & sex hormones

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16
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

replacement of cartilage precursor by bone

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17
Q

Resulting woven bone is extensively remodeled by (2)

A

resorption & appostional growth

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18
Q

resorption & appostional growth result in =

A

lamellar bone (e.g., long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, & base of skull)

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19
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone

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20
Q

in intramembranous ossification there is no — precursor

A

no cartilage precursor

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21
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into —, produce —, later mineralizes into —

A

osteoblasts
osteoid
bone (e.g., vault of skull)

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22
Q

Precursor of long bone formed of

A

hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

1’ center of ossification occurs in

A

mid-diaphysis

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24
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which mineralizes, forming

A

periosteal cuff

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25
Q

Calcification of cartilage matrix inhibits diffusion of nutrients resulting in (2)

A

death of chondrocytes & spread of osteoblasts

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26
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells from periosteum migrate into —, along with — — —

A

medulla

growing blood vessels

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27
Q

Two 2’ centers of ossification occur in

A

epiphyses

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28
Q

mineralization spreads across

A

cartilage matrix

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29
Q

Epiphyseal plate in region of metaphysis remains “—” (i.e., unmineralized)

A

open

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30
Q

Allows continuous

A

longitudinal growth

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31
Q

At maturity, hormonal changes decreases — — & cartilage plate is replaced by —

A

cartilage proliferation

bone

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32
Q

what does the epiphyseal growth plate consist of

A

several distinct zones in transition from cartilage to bone

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33
Q

Zone of Reserve Cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes

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34
Q

proliferation in zone of reserve cartilage

A

no cell proliferation

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35
Q

Zone of Proliferation

A

successive mitotic division of chondrocytes, which results in columns of chondrocytes

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36
Q

Zone of Maturation

A

division ceases

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37
Q

in the zone of maturation, chondrocytes…

A

increase in size

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38
Q

Zone of Hypertrophy (& Calcification) (3)

A

chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated & calcify

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39
Q

Zone of (Cartilage) Degeneration

A

capillaries of marrow cavity grow from diaphysis into growth plate

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40
Q

in the zone of degeneration, chondrocytes degenerate; lacunae invaded by

A

osteogenic cells

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41
Q

Zone of Ossification

A

blood vessels from marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass

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42
Q

Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony

A

trabeculae

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43
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into

A

osteoblasts

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44
Q

mesenchymal cells begin synthesizing osteoid at multiple sites, (multiple centers of ossification) within

A

membrane—no cartilage precursor

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45
Q

Mineralization follows with subsequent fusion of adjacent

A

centers of ossification

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46
Q

Osteoblasts trapped within lacunae of osteoid, become

A

osteocytes

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47
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells at periphery continue to divide, provide

A

replacements

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48
Q

Bone produced is woven bone—later remodeled by osteoclasts & osteoblasts to form

A

compact bone

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49
Q

Simple or closed fracture

A

no break in skin

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50
Q

Compound or open fracture

A

damage to skin exposing bone

51
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone broken in several pieces

52
Q

Blood fills fracture site, resulting in

A

hematoma

53
Q

immediately after fracture, inflammatory response develops—(4)

A

pain, swelling, redness, & heat

54
Q

In acute phase (first few days) — first to arrive, infiltrate hematoma, then —, (both phagocytic) to clean up site of injury

A

neutrophils

macrophages

55
Q

After ~1 wk, (2) proliferate & grow into site

A

fibroblasts & capillaries

56
Q

bone repair forms

A

granulation tissue (vascular collagenous tissue)

57
Q

granulation tissue becomes progressively more fibrous in chronic phase, forms

A

fibrous granulation tissue

58
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, secrete

A

matrix

59
Q

matrix secretion results in progressive replacement of granulation tissue by

A

hyaline cartilage

60
Q

progressive replacement of granulation tissue by hyaline cartilage

A

provisional callous

61
Q

Next, osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts from endosteum & periosteum at edge of wound grow —

A

inward

62
Q

produce meshwork of woven bone within provisional callous, deposit calcium salts in

A

collagen matrix

63
Q

Transforms into

A

bony callous

64
Q

bony callous helps (2) fracture together

A

stabilize & bind fracture together

65
Q

Important to realign & stabilize, or “set” fracture — this happens

A

before

66
Q

When fracture site completely bridged by woven bone

A

bony union

67
Q

Bony callous progressively remodelled

A

mature lamellar bone

68
Q

Process takes ~ 6-12 wks, depending on (2)

A

severity & location

69
Q

Synovial—characterized by

A

extensive movement

70
Q

synovial joint is also known as

A

diarthroses

71
Q

synovial joint/diarthroses are surrounded by

A

connective tissue capsule

72
Q

connective tissue capsule

A

joint capsule

73
Q

Lined by thin, discontinuous layer of cells,

A

synovium

74
Q

synovium secretes

A

synovial fluid

75
Q

synovial fluid bathes the

A

articular surface

76
Q

No basement membrane, so not a

A

true epithelium

77
Q

synovial “epithelia” is made of up to 4 cell layers of

A

synovial cells of mesenchymal origin

78
Q

Two types of cells

A

A & B

79
Q

Type A (2)

A

synoviocytes

resemble Mφ

80
Q

Type B

A

resemble fibroblasts

81
Q

Nonsynovial

A

limited movement; joined by dense connective tissue, lacks articular surface

82
Q

Syndesmosis

A

dense fibrous tissue between bones In skull, progressively replaced by bone to become synostosis(aka “sutures”)

83
Q

Synchondrosis

A

(1’ cartilage joint) contains single layer of hyaline cartilage

84
Q

what unites first rib with sternum?

A

synchondrosis

only one in human adult

85
Q

Symphysis

A

(2’cartilage joint), contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by fibrocartilage plate

86
Q

Intervertebral joints are a special type of

A

symphysis

87
Q

Contain intervertebral discs, evolutionarily derived from — in chordates

A

notochord

88
Q

Formed of concentric layers of

A

fibrocartilage

89
Q

Forms annulus fibrosus around central core of viscous ground substance,

A

nucleus pulposus

90
Q

Damage to annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus to

A

herniate

91
Q

Damage to annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus to herniate, resulting in a

A

herniated disc

92
Q

inflammationof joints

A

arthritis

93
Q

Osteoarthritis (2)

A

progressive degeneration & loss of articular cartilage

94
Q

Leads to eburnation, pitting, erosion resulting in (3)

A

pain, swelling, thickening of joint capsule

95
Q

Osteophytes

A

production of irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces; aka “bone spurs”

96
Q

Limits range of

A

motion

97
Q

Progressive build-up of osteophytes, osteoarthritis or trauma can lead to

A

ankylosis

98
Q

ankylosis

A

bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility

99
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

local, autoimmune rxn in joints => body produces Ab’s that attack joints => pain, damage to articular cartilage; thickening, inflammation of synovial membrane

100
Q

pannus

A

replacement of articular cartilage with fibrovascular tissue

101
Q

Gout

A

deposit of urates & uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers & toes)

102
Q

gout is extremely painful, associated with consumption of large quantities of (2)

A

red wine, meat

103
Q

gout is also caused by certain vegetables—(4)

A

asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel’s sprouts

104
Q

All represent new plant growth, high in (2)

A

protein & [N]

105
Q

Some diuretics used to treat hypertension can also cause

A

gout

106
Q

Rickets

A

bone matrix doesn’t calcify normally in children during growth

107
Q

rickets results in

A

soft, deformed bones

108
Q

rickets can be

A

permanent

109
Q

rickets are due to insufficient dietary (2)

A

Ca or Vit D

110
Q

In adults, insufficient Ca & Vit D can lead to

A

osteomalacia

111
Q

osteomalacia

A

failure of mineralization, softening of bone

112
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass

113
Q

Resorption by osteoclasts exceeds deposition by

A

osteoblasts

114
Q

Common problem in post-menopausal women, possibly due to

A

decreased estrogen levels

115
Q

Tx with oral Ca supplementation & Vit D for increased

A

Ca absorption

chondroitin, glucosamine, gelatin also helpful

116
Q

Newer osteoporosis meds, e.g., Fosamax, bind phosphates in GI tract, minimize

A

absorption

117
Q

Possible side effects include

A

mandibular necrosis

118
Q

— necessary for synthesis of collagen

A

Vit C

119
Q

Vit C deficiency results in

A

scurvy

120
Q

scurvy

A

bone matrix not calcified

121
Q

Can also lead to weakening of collagen in

A

ligaments

122
Q

especially periodontal ligament, resulting in

A

loose teeth

123
Q

Breakdown of scars/ old wounds, which (2)

A

break open & bleed

124
Q

Tx with fruits & vegetables high in

A

Vit C

e.g., citrus fruits—oranges, lemons, limes; also guavas

Histology (32 decks)

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