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Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

liver and pancreas are embryological outgrowths of

A

primitive gut

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2
Q

liver and pancreas function as

A

accessory digestive orango

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3
Q

— is largest gland & internal organ

A

Liver

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4
Q

liver is divided into

A

4 lobes (L, R, caudate, & quadrate)

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5
Q

Major functions of liver: (6)

A
  • Detoxification of metabolic waste (e.g., deamination of AA’s urea)
  • Metabolism & detoxification of drugs & toxins (e.g., alcohol, abx)
  • Destruction of senescent rbc’s
  • Recycling of Hb via synthesis & secretion of bile
  • Synthesis of plasma proteins (clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins)
  • Miscellaneous metabolic functions (e.g., glycogen synthesis & storage, gluconeogenesis)
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6
Q

External surface of liver covered by connective tissue capsule,

A

Glisson’s capsule

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7
Q

Monosaccharides & AA’s from digestion enter liver via

A

hepatic portal V

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8
Q

the hepatic portal vein carries –% of blood to liver

A

~75-80

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9
Q

hepatic portal vein also carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from diet to liver to be

A

conjugated or detoxified

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10
Q

Oxygenatedblood supplied to liver by

A

hepatic A, a branch of celiac trunk

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11
Q

hepatic A, a branch of celiac trunk goes to — — in hepatic lobules

A

portal artery

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12
Q

portal artery carries only

A

~20-25% of blood to liver

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13
Q

portal artery mixes with

A

unoxygenated blood from portal V to perfuse liver cells

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14
Q

Liver is a — rich, but — poor environment

A

nutrient

O2

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15
Q

Venous drainage of lobules via

A

central Vv

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16
Q

central Vv leads to

A

hepatic V

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17
Q

Liver cells are called

A

hepatocytes

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18
Q

Most hepatocytes —, but

some are

A

diploid

polyploid &/or binucleate

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19
Q

hepatocytes contain large #’s of

A

cytoplasmic
granules (rER & lysosomal
products) & storage products

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20
Q

Aging hepatocytes accumulate

brown pigment,

A

lipofuscin

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21
Q

Individual hepatocytes

polygonal, arranged in

A

anastomosing cords
paralleled by venous
sinusoids

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22
Q

Sinusoids lined by

A

sinusoidal
lining cells, a discontinuous
endothelium, with gaps
between endothelial cells

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23
Q

Between sinusoidal lining

cells & hepatocytes is

A

space of Disse

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24
Q

space of Disse
also known as
continuous with

A

perisinusoidal space

lymphatics

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25
Q

Hepatic cords & sinusoids

supported by

A

reticulinfibers

Type III collagen

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26
Q

Within sinusoids & space of

Disse are

A

phagocytic Kupffer

cells (macrophages)

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27
Q

Occasional — cells between

hepatocytes

A

Ito

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28
Q

Ito cells

A

fat-storing cells
containing lipid droplets,
used for Vit A & D storage

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29
Q

Cords of hepatocytes

arranged in —

A

lobules

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30
Q

Classic lobule—
based on — —
roughly —, with — — in middle of lobule

A

blood flow
hexagonal
central V

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31
Q

SKIPPED

central V in middle of lobule

A

centrilobular V,

terminal hepatic venule

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32
Q

Outer margin of each lobule

delimited by thin,

A

connective

tissue septum

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33
Q

Portal tracts/ triads
located at each “corner”,
contain

A

portal A, V, L, &

bile duct

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34
Q

Blood enters from portal
tracts, percolates
through sinusoids of
lobule, drains via

A

central V

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35
Q

Portal lobule—

A

triangular
area; based on bile flow
(opposite to blood flow)

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36
Q

— — in center & — — at corners

A

Portal triad

central Vv

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37
Q

Acinus—

A

diamond–shaped region between neighboring central Vv

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38
Q

Central Vv located

A

along longitudinal axis, with portal tracts at sides

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39
Q

Combines aspects of (4)

A

blood flow, oxygenation, metabolism & pathology

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40
Q

Acinus divided into

A

zones 1, 2, & 3

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41
Q

Hepatocytes in different zones have different

A

metabolic environments

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42
Q

Zone 1—

A

(perilobular zone= periportal)—closest to portal tract, receives mostoxygenated blood

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43
Q

zone 1 is most susceptible to

A

toxic injury

44
Q

Zone 2—

A

(intermediate zone)

45
Q

Zone 3—

A

(centrolobular zone)—furthest from portal tract, closest to central V

46
Q

zone 3 receives…

A

least oxygenated blood

47
Q

zone 3 is most susceptible to

A

ischemic injury

48
Q

Liver functions in detoxification or metabolism of various

A

drugs, toxins, metabolites (e.g., ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER, or peroxidases of peroxisomes (P450 system)

49
Q

A common sequela to repeated

insults or chronic disease is

A

cirrhosis

50
Q

Cirrhosis is characterized by (2), followed

by (2)

A

hepatic degeneration & necrosis

fibrosis & nodular regeneration

51
Q

Portal hypertension—associated

with

A

cirrhosis (due to fibrosis,

blockage of blood flow)

52
Q

Liver has ability to

A

regenerate

53
Q

Liver functions divided into (2)

A

exocrine & endocrine

54
Q

secretion of products via ducts

A

exocrine

55
Q

secretion of products without ducts; directly into bloodstream

A

endocrine

56
Q

Endocrinefunctions of liver— (5)

A

• Synthesis of plasma proteins (e.g., fibrinogen, urea, albumin,
prothrombin)
• Synthesis of glucose
• Gluconeogenesis (from non-carbohydrate sources, e.g., AA’s & lipids)
• Storage & release of glycogen, lipids & lipoproteins
• Vit A & D storag

57
Q

Exocrine (secretory) function of liver

A

bile synthesis

58
Q

Bile is — agent, facilitates

A

emulsifying

hydrolysis of lipids by pancreatic lipases

59
Q

Adult human liver secretes – liter bile/ day

A

~1

60
Q

Bile flow from liver increases by hormones such as (3)

A

secretin, CCK, & gastrin from enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

61
Q

Bilesynthesized by — & secreted into network of — —

A

hepatocytes

bile canaliculi

62
Q

Small canals between —, formed by

A

hepatocytes

grooves in plasma membranes of adjacent cells

63
Q

Direction of bile flow — to blood flow, from —, in series of —- —- —

A

opposite
canaliculi
progressively larger ducts

64
Q

bile synthesis includes (2)

A

bile ducts (portal
triads) & larger intrahepatic
ducts (scattered throughout
parenchyma)

65
Q

Bile eventually enters

duodenum at —, following (2)

A

major duodenal papilla

period of storage & modification in gallbladder

66
Q

Gallbladder

A

Muscular sac located in depression along surface of liver

67
Q

Gallbladder is used to store & concentrate —; volume – ml

A

bile

~100

68
Q

Gallbladder is lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli

69
Q

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli of gallbladder is used for

A

resorption of water

70
Q

Gallbladder lacks a

A

muscularis mucosae

71
Q

Lamina propria highly folded with occasional

A

tubuloalveolar mucus glands

72
Q

CCK (cholecystokinin) stimulates

A

contraction of gallbladder

73
Q

Components of bile (6)

A 
Water 
ions 
electrolytes
cholesterol + phospholipids (= lecithin)
bile acids (= bile salts) 
bile pigments
74
Q

— is best known bile pigment

A

Bilirubin

75
Q

Bilirubin

A

non-sol breakdown product of Hb

76
Q

Bilirubin glucuronide—

A

water-soluble form of bilirubin, conjugated with glucuronide

77
Q

Pathology: Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide results in (2)

A

accumulation of bile pigments & jaundice

78
Q

Supersaturation of bile results in

A

gallstones (biliary calculi, cholelithiasis)

1’ cholesterol & calcium salts

79
Q

Obstruction of bile ducts (choledocolithiasis) results in (2)

A

bile stasis, or jaundice (icterus) if severe

80
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

cholecystitis

81
Q

Sx removal of gallbladder is

A

cholecystectomy

82
Q

Following Sx, unable to — —; need to limit — — —

A

concentrate bile

ingestion of fats

83
Q

Pancreas (2)

A

Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule

84
Q

pancreas is located in the

A

bend of duodenum

85
Q

pancreas has both (2) components

A

endocrine

exocrine

86
Q

Ductless endocrine pancreatic tissue located in

A

islets of Langerhans

87
Q

Most of pancreas is

A

exocrine(i.e.,
with ducts)—a compound, acinar,
serous gland

88
Q

Densely packed serous acini

contain

A

pyramidal secretory cells

surrounding a central lumen (duct)

89
Q

Acinar cells contain

A 
zymogen granules (inactive enzyme 
precursors)
90
Q

inactive zymogen examples (4)

A

trypsinogen(= protrypsin),
chymotrypsinogen(=prochymotrypsin),
amylase,
lipase

91
Q

Trypsin & chymotrypsin are —; amylase breaks down — & lipases digest —

A

proteases
carbohydrates
lipids

92
Q

Empty into — —(add bicarbonate & water to pancreatic sections; neutralize acidic chyme from stomach => optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes)

A

intercalated ducts

93
Q

Duct cells that form beginning of intercalated duct sometimes visible in center of acini, called

A

centro-acinar cells

94
Q

Intercalated ducts empty into

— —-, which exit into

A 
larger intralobularducts
larger interlobular (=extralobular) ducts
95
Q

Pancreatic secretions enter duodenum via

A

pancreatic ductat major duodenal papilla

96
Q

Principle regulators of exocrine pancreas—

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

97
Q

1 secreted by stomach:

A

gastrin

98
Q

gastrin: secreted by “—” cells of pyloric stomach; stimulates secretion of — —

A

G

pancreatic fluid

99
Q

3 secreted by duodenum:

A

secretin
CCK
enterokinase

100
Q

secretin—secreted by “—” cells; stimulates secretion of

A

S

bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts

101
Q

CCK (cholecystokinin=pancreozymin); secreted by “—” cells, stimulates acinar cells to secrete —

A

I

zymogens

102
Q

enterokinase—

A

converts trypsinogen which forms trypsin (within small intestine), which converts chymotrypsinogen which forms chymotrypsin (digests proteins)

103
Q

Cascade rxn prevents pancreas from

A

digesting itself

104
Q

Pancreatitis

A

autodigestion
of pancreas brought on by
alcoholism

105
Q

Cascade rxn of Pancreatitis breaks down which results in

A

Premature conversion of chymotrypsinogen to

chymotrypsin & autolysis

106
Q

Pancreatitis is —,

A

severe

acute Pancreatitis can be fatal within hours

Histology (32 decks)

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