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Histology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

transport of O2/CO2, nutrients and metabolic waste

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2
Q

what are the secondary functions of the circulatory system? (2)

A

thermoregulation

transport of immune cells/hormones

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3
Q

what does the vascular system consist of? (2)

A

heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

what are the heart and blood vessels collectively referred as

A

blood vascular system

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5
Q

what are the two components to the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

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6
Q

what is the flow of the pulmonary circulation?

A 
right atrium and ventricle 
pulmonary aa 
lungs 
pulmonary veins 
left atrium
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7
Q

what is the flow of the systemic circulation?

A

left atrium and ventricle
aorta
rest of body

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8
Q

passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid (lymph) to blood and vascular system

A

lymph vascular system

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9
Q

what does the circulatory system lack?

A

intrinsic pump

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10
Q

what does the circulatory system rely on? (2)

A

muscle contraction

body movement

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11
Q

Blood vessels of circulatory system have common basic structure with three

A

tunics

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12
Q

tunics

A

concentric layers

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13
Q

innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining lumen

A

tunica intima

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14
Q

thickness of tunica intima

A

very thin, 1-2 cells thick

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15
Q

what does the tunica intima form?

A

a semi-permeable barrier, supported by a basement membrane

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16
Q

fascia occludens

A

specialized discontinuous tight junctions between endothelial cells

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17
Q

what kind of connective tissue does tunica intima contain?

A

variable amounts of sub endothelial connect tissue

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18
Q

Internal elastic lamina, if present, separates

A

tunica intima & media

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19
Q

what is the internal elastic lamina composed of?

A

elastic fibers

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20
Q

tunica media

A

highly variable middle layer

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21
Q

what is contained in the tunica media? (2)

A

smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts connective tissue

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22
Q

in arteries, the tunica media may also contain (2)

A

reticulin (type 3 collagen)

elastic fibers

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23
Q

where is external elastic lamina located?

A

between tunica media and adventitia

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24
Q

external elastic lamina compared to the internal elastic lamina

A

also composed of elastic fibers but less organized

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25
Q

outermost layer

A

tunica adventitia

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26
Q

what kind of connective tissue is found in the tunica adventitia?

A

loose fibroblastic connective tissue

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27
Q

what types of structures are found in the tunica adventitia? (4)

A

fibroblasts
collagen
elastic fibers
smooth muscle cells

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28
Q

is the tunica adventia thick or thin in arteries?

A

thinner

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29
Q

what is the thickest of the layers in venuoles?

A

tunica adventitia

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30
Q

what does the tunica adventitia contain in larger vessels?

A

vasa vasorum

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31
Q

what is contained in both large Aa and Vv?

A

small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and adventitia

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32
Q

tunica adventitia also contains autonomic nerves, called

A

nervi vasculares

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33
Q

what do Nervi vascular control?

A

smooth muscle contraction in vessel walls (vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

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34
Q

Vasoconstrictionof blood vessels due to action of

A

sympathetic, post-ganglionic nerve fibers

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35
Q

what does vasoconstriction on smooth Mm of tunica media to cause

A

a decrease in lumen diameter

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36
Q

what does it mean that vasoconstriction is passive?

A

occurs in the absence of inhibition of sympathetic stimulation

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37
Q

vasodilation is accomplished via

A

indirect parasympathetic innervation

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38
Q

how does acetylcholine act on edothelial cells?

A

causes the cells to release NO

39
Q

what does NO cause

A

smooth muscle cells to relax

40
Q

in response to low O2 tension, smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles

A

relax

41
Q

relaxation of smooth muscle arterioles results in (2)

A

vasodilation

increase blood flow

42
Q

two types of specialized sensory receptors located in walls of blood vessels

A

baroreceptors

chemoreceptors

43
Q

baroreceptors detect

A

blood pressure

44
Q

where are baroreceptors located? (2)

A

carotid sinus

aortic arch

45
Q

chemoreceptors detect changes in (3)

A

CO2, CO2 tension

pH

46
Q

where are chemoreceptors located? (2)

A

at bifurcation of carotid Aa

in aortic bodies of aortic arch

47
Q

where does the arterial system conduct blood?

A

away from the heart, to the capillary bed

48
Q

the venous system returns blood from

A

capillaries to the heart

49
Q

cyclical pumping of heart

A

pulsatile blood blow

50
Q

systole

A

contraction of ventricles

pressure wave

51
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

decrease pressure

52
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mm Hg

53
Q

expansion and recoil of elastic arteries maintains

A

blood pressure

54
Q

Regulation of bp accompanied by changes in

A

diameter of blood vessels

55
Q

Regulation of bp accompanied by changes in diameter of blood vessels occurs via

A

sympathetic control of smooth Mm in vessel walls

56
Q

Arteries contain large amounts of (2)

A

elastin & smooth Mm

57
Q

arterial vessel wall diameter compared to lumen diameter

A

vessel wall thick relative to lumen diameter

58
Q

elastic aa diameter

A

> 1 cm in diameter

59
Q

elastic aa

A

large conducting vessels, receive blood directly from heart

60
Q

elastic aa have sheets of elastic tissue in

A

tunica media

61
Q

elastic tissue helps maintain bp between

A

systole and diastole

62
Q

what do elastic aeries contain (2)

A

internal and external elastic laminae

63
Q

diameter of muscular aa

A

~2-10 mm in diameter—medium-sized distributing Aa

64
Q

muscular arteries have more — and less — than tunica media than elastic arteries

A

more smooth muscle

less elastin

65
Q

what is the thickest later in muscular arteries?

A

the tunica media

66
Q

muscular arteries have distinct

A

internal elastic lamina

67
Q

larger muscular arteries may contain

A

external elastic lamina

68
Q

diameter of arterioles

A

~10-100 um in diameter

69
Q

arterioles contain relatively little

A

smooth Mm (tunica media only ~2-3 cells thick)

70
Q

in arterioles, what is absent?

A

elastin laminae

71
Q

arterioles are the terminal branches of the

A

arteriole system

72
Q

what do arterioles supply?

A

capillary beds

73
Q

what are arterioles a major site of? (2)

A

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

74
Q

arterioles regulate distribution of blood to capillaries via

A

pre-capillary sphincters

75
Q

pre-capillary sphincters

A

intermittent rings of smooth M within walls of arterioles

76
Q

Metarterioles

A

small diameter arterioles; intermediate in size between arterioles & capillaries

77
Q

what are metaarterioles characterized by

A

discontinuous layer of smooth Mm in tunica media

78
Q

In general, amount of smooth Mm increase with

A

an increase in diameter of vessel (& relative amount of connective tissue decrease)

79
Q

what is microcirculation is concerned with the exchange of? (5)

A 
gases
fluids
nutrients
metabolites
waste products
80
Q

where does microcirculation primarily occur within?

A

capillaries, also includes arterioles and venues

81
Q

diameter of capillaries?

A

8-10 um, thin walled vessels

82
Q

what are capillaries lined by?

A

a single layer of endothelial cells

83
Q

what are capillaries supported by? (2)

A

basal lamina

small number of pericytes

84
Q

Pericytes derived from same precursor cell as

A

endothelial cells

85
Q

capillaries can differentiate into (2) following injury

A

endothelial cells or smooth Mm cells

86
Q

what do capillaries lack? (2)

A 
outer connective tissue layer (no tunica adventitia)
smooth Mm (no tunica media)
87
Q

what layer do capillaries contain?

A

tunica intima

88
Q

do capillaries exhibit vasomotor activity?

A

Do not exhibit vasomotor activity themselves

89
Q

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction accomplished via smooth Mm contraction in arterioles & pre-capillary sphincters, resulting in a

A

passive change in capillary diameter

90
Q

continuous capillaries

A

endothelium forms continuous lining; most common (e.g., Mm, lung, CNS)

91
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells possess pores, or fenestraewithincells(e.g., endocrine glands, GI tract)

92
Q

discontinuous

A

basal lamina not continuous; endothelial cells separated by large gaps between cells
(e.g., liver, spleen, bone marrow, lnn)

93
Q

Discontinuous capillaries may form

A

sinusoids (large diameter capillaries ~ 30-40 um)

94
Q

Transport across capillaries may occur via (3)

A

fenestrae, transcytosis, or diapedesis

Histology (32 decks)

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