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Endocrine Glands Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system communicates via

A

chemical messengers (hormones)

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2
Q

chemical messengers (hormones) are secretory products of

A

endocrine cells

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3
Q

hormones are carried by — to target tissue containing receptors

A

bloodstream

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4
Q 
Endocrine organs composed of secretory cells of --- origin,
characterized by (2)
A

epithelial

prominent nuclei & numerous organelles

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5
Q

Endocrine system lacks

A

ducts

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6
Q

Endocrine system secretes hormones into surrounding

A

interstitial space

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7
Q

endocrine system possess rich blood supply with fenestrated capillary networks to (2)

A

absorb & transport hormones

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8
Q

• Endocrine organs integrate function of — systems

A

physiologic

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9
Q

— coordinates endocrine functions of body—acts as

intermediary between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Most endocrine glands form

A

discreet organs

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11
Q

in pancreas, (2) tissue intermixed

A

endocrine & exocrine

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12
Q

Pituitary Gland =

A

hypophysis

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13
Q

pituitary gland ~– diameter, specialized appendage of —

A

1cm

brain

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14
Q

Pituitary Gland lies beneath

A

third ventricle in sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”) of sphenoid bone

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15
Q

Secretion of pituitary hormones controlled by —, with complex blood supply

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland includes

A

hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

hypophyseal portal system allows communication with

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

Hypothalamus controls secretion of anterior pituitary via

A

hypothalamic regulating factors (hormones)

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19
Q
  • – factors stimulate secretion;

- – factors inhibit secretion

A

Releasing

inhibitory

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20
Q

Direct acting hormones—

A

have non-endocrine target organ

e.g., GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin

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21
Q

trophic hormones—

A

target organ is another endocrine gland

e.g., TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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22
Q

(3) all pituitary dependent endocrine glands

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, & gonads

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23
Q

Functionally, anatomically, & embryologically, pituitary divided into

A

anterior & posterior portions

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24
Q

Anterior portion contains — &

posterior contains —

A

glandular epithelial tissue

neural secretory tissue

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25
Q

“master gland”

A

anterior pituitary

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26
Q

master gland=

A

adenohypophysis = pars anterior = pars distalis

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27
Q

anterior pituitary is specialized glandular tissue, arises from evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called

A

Rathke’s pouch

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28
Q

Rathke’s pouch differentiates into 3 distinct

regions of anterior pituitary:

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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29
Q

pars distalis—

A

bulk of anterior pituitary

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30
Q

pars intermedia—

A

thin layer between anterior & posterior pituitary

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31
Q

pars intermedia secretes (2)

A

MSH

ACTH

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32
Q

pars intermedia frequently contains

A

cystic remnants of Rathke’s pouch

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33
Q

pars tuberalis—

A

extension of anterior pituitary

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34
Q

pars tuberalis forms

A

collar ~pituitary stalk (=infundibulum)

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35
Q 
Pars distalis secretes bulk of pituitary hormones,
including both (2)
A

direct acting & trophic hormones

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36
Q

Direct acting hormones—(2)

A

GH & prolactin

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37
Q

Trophic hormones—(4)

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

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38
Q

Secretory cells of anterior pituitary traditionally classified as (2)

A

chromophils (which stain) or

chromophobes (don’t)

39
Q

2 types of chromophils:

A

acidophils

basophils

40
Q

Acidophils— (2)

A

stain with acidic dye;

pink on H&E

41
Q

Basophils—(2)

A

stain with basic dye;

pale blue to light purple on H&E

42
Q

Chromophobes— (3)

A

small cells, don’t take up either dye, clear on H&E

43
Q

chromophobes represent

A

inactive cells

44
Q

types of acidophils (2)

A

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

45
Q

Somatotrophs— ~–% of cells; sec –

46
Q

Mammotrophs— (= lactotrophs) ~–% of cells; secrete —

A

20

prolactin (controls lactation)

47
Q

types of basophils (3)

A

thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
corticotrophs

48
Q

• Thyrotrophs— ~–% of cells; secrete —

A

5

TSH (= thyrotropin)

49
Q

Gonadotrophs— ~–% of cells; secrete (2)

A

5

FSH & LH

50
Q

Corticotrophs— ~–% of cells; secrete (3)

A

20

ACTH, MSH, endorphins

51
Q

Posterior pituitary=

A

= neurohypophysis = pars nervosa

52
Q

where is Posterior pituitary located

A

ventral to hypothalamus

53
Q

plus short stalk, —, which contains axons of neurosecretory origin

A

infundibulum

54
Q

Consists of downgrowth of nervous tissue from floor of

A

diencephalon (third ventricle)

55
Q

Composed of support cells called (2)

A

pituicytes & neurosecretory nerve axons

56
Q

These axons store & release products from

A

nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus

57
Q

Secretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalamus known as

A

neurosecretion

58
Q

neurosecretion is regulated by

A

hypothalamic hypophyseal feedback loop

59
Q

Hypothalamus secretes 2 hormones via posterior pituitary—

A

ADH (=vasopressin) & oxytocin

60
Q

Stored in neurosecretory granules in dilations of axons of posterior pituitary known as

A

Herring bodies

61
Q

ADH—controls blood pressure by altering

A

permeability of renal collecting tubules

62
Q

if you decrease production of ADH,

A

increase urine production (as in diabetes insidious)

63
Q

ADH is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in — — of hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nucleus

64
Q

Oxytocin—promotes smooth Mm contraction in (2)

A

uterus & breast (especially during labor & lactation)

65
Q

oxytocin is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in — — of hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus

66
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Bilateral, lobulated, endocrine gland on anterior/ventral neck

67
Q

L & R sides of thyroid gland connected by narrow —

68
Q

thyroid gland is surrounded by

A

loose connective tissue capsule with fine connective tissue septa

69
Q

thyroid gland is embryologically derived from

A

epithelial down growth of fetal tongue

70
Q

Thyroid gland unique among endocrine glands in storage of large amounts of inactive hormone, an eosinophilic glycoprotein colloid called —

A

thyroglobulin

71
Q

thyroglobulin is stored in

A

extracellular follicles

72
Q

extracellular follicles

A

structural units of thyroid gland

73
Q

extracellular follicles are lined by

A

simple, cuboidal epithelium

74
Q

Follicular epithelial cells concentrate iodine 30-40X blood levels, secrete it as — via apical microvilli

A

thyroglobulin

75
Q

Iodination results in

A

active hormone

76
Q

Active thyroid hormones—(2)

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (tetraiodothyronine, = thyroxine)

77
Q

– is deiodinated in liver to form –, more potent, biologically active form

78
Q

T3 regulates

A

BMR (also growth & development of nervous system)

79
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development impairs (2)

A

neural development & myelination

80
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development impairs neural development & myelination—results in (2)

A

physical stunting & mental retardation (cretinism)

81
Q

Secondary secretory cells in thyroid gland—

A

parafollicular cells (= C cells, clear cells)

82
Q

C cells are located at (2)

A

periphery of follicles,

or scattered within connective tissue

83
Q

In lower vertebrates, c cells make up separate —

84
Q

C cells secrete

A

calcitonin

85
Q

calcitonin regulates

A

blood Ca levels along with parathyroid hormone

86
Q

decrease in serum calcium inhibits

A

osteoclasts

87
Q

Synthesis, storage & release of thyroid hormones under control of

A

TSH from anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

88
Q

Thyroid pathology—

89
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid

90
Q

goiter may be indicative of (2)

A

hyperthyroidism

hypothyroidism

91
Q

Hyperthyroidism—

A

increase in number & size of follicle cells

92
Q

Hypothyroidism—

A

autoimmune rxn; results in decrease in size of gland

93
Q

Insufficient dietary iodine results in decrease of

A

TH production, possible hypertrophy with non-functional thyroglobulin

Histology (32 decks)

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