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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue provides

A

structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs

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2
Q

connective tissue carries

A

blood vessels

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3
Q

connective tissue functions in — repair

A

tissue

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4
Q

connective tissue mediates exchange of nutrients/metabolites/waste products between

A

tissue and circulation

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5
Q

primitive connective tissue derived from mesodermal mesenchyme contains (3)

A

stellate to spindle shaped cells, jelly like extracellular matrix and occasional fibers

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6
Q

mature connective tissue contains (20

A

cells

extracellular material

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7
Q

fibroblasts

A

pointed, elongate, spindle shaped cells

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8
Q

most abundant type of connective tissue cell

A

fibroblasts

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9
Q

fibroblasts are responsible for synthesizing and maintaining (2)

A

proteinaceous ground substance and connective tissue fibers (collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers)

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10
Q

myofibroblasts

A

fibroblasts with contractile ability

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11
Q

reticular cells

A

of lymph nodes and bone marrow

a type of fibroblast

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12
Q

reticular cells are morphologically similar to

A

primitive mesenchymal cells, look like branches fibroblasts

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13
Q

reticular cells synthesize

A

reticular fibers (made of reticulin)

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14
Q

reticular cells may also have —- function

A

phagocytic

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15
Q

reticular fibers are also synthesized by regular — in some tissues (in small numbers)

A

fibroblasts

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16
Q

adipocytes are responsible for

A

storage and metabolism of lipids

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17
Q

adipocytes are generally large, ballon shaped, clear spaces filled with —

A

lipid

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18
Q

ground substance

A

extracellular organic matrix

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19
Q

what fibers are embedded within the matrix? (3)

A

collagen
reticulin
elastin

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20
Q

how many types of collagen types are there? what are they based off of?

A

28

amino acid sequence

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21
Q

most collagen have a distinct 67-68 nm — pattern

A

banding

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22
Q

collagen is the principle fiber in the extracellular matrix, which provides

A

tensile strength

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23
Q

most abundant type of collagen

A

type 1

90% of collagen in the body

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24
Q

type 1 collagen

A

loose and dense connective tissue of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone and fibrocartilage

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25
Q

types of type 2 cartilage (2)

A

hyaline

elastic

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26
Q

what types of fibers are type 3 collagen?

A

reticulin fibers

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27
Q

reticulin fibers

A

thin, branching, net-like fibers

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28
Q

reticulin fibers are used for structural support in

A

organs

spleen, lymph nodes, bone

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29
Q

reticulin fibers are produced by (2)

A

reticular cells in the lymph nodes and bone marrow and fibroblasts everywhere else

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30
Q

reticulin fibers stain

A

argyrophilic

stains black with silver stain

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31
Q

basement membrane is composed of type - collagen

A

4

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32
Q

type 4 collagen doesn’t form

A

fibers, it forms a meshwork

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33
Q

type 5 collagen is fond in (3)

A

cornea
placenta
demo-epidermal junctions

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34
Q

what is the best known collagenopathy?

A

ehlers-danlos syndrome

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35
Q

ehlers-danlos syndrome effects type - collagen

A

5

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36
Q

ehlers-danlos syndrome is characterized by (3)

A

hyperextension of joints
skin fragility
poor wound healing

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37
Q

collagen is a

A

glycoprotein

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38
Q

collagen precursor proteins are produced by

A

fibroblasts

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39
Q

collagen is initially synthesized as

A

pro collagen, compose of three alpha polypeptide chains to form a triple helix

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40
Q

collagen synthesis

A

procollagen is then packed into secretory vesicles and secreted into the ECS
followed by extracellular enzymatic modification to form tropocollagen monomers
polymerization of tropocollagen into larger bundles results in final formation of collagen microfibrils
several microfibrils combine to form larger collagen fiber, several fibers make up a collagen bundle

pro collagen, tropocollagen, collagen, collagen microfibrils, collagen fiber, collagen bundle

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41
Q

elastin fibers are highly branched, their random coiling patterns allow for

A

stretching

42
Q

elastic fibers are arranged in

A

fibers and sheets

43
Q

elastic fibers are synthesized by fibroblasts as — precursor

A

tropoelastin

44
Q

tropoelastin polymerizes to form

A

elastin

45
Q

2 components of elastic fibers

A

elastin

fibrilin

46
Q

elastin

A

protein core similar to collagen, surrounded by microfibrils of fibrilin

47
Q

fibrilin

A

structural glycoprotein

48
Q

how are elastin fibers stains?

A

T-blue
collagen: light gray/blue
elastin fibers: darker blue

49
Q

marfans syndrome

A

autosomal dominant condition results in abnormal elastic fibers

50
Q

marfans syndrome is characterized by

A

tall stature, long limbs, thin fingers

51
Q

with marinas syndrome, you have an enlarged aorta with increased (2)

A

regurgitation

risk of developing a dissecting aneurysm

52
Q

structural glycoproteins (2)

A

fibrillin

fibroxnectin

53
Q

structural glycoproteins

A

large polypeptides with branched polysaccharide side chains

54
Q

fibroxnectin is found within the

A

basement membrane

55
Q

fibroxnectin aids in adhesion between cell membrane and ECM via adhesion molecules known as

A

integrins

56
Q

non-filamentous glycoproteins (3)

A

laminin
entactin
tenascin

57
Q

laminin, enacting, and tenascin are associated with

A

basement membrane and cell adhesion

58
Q

ground substance

A

amorphous, transparent material with properties of semi-fluid gel

59
Q

ground substance are long, unbranched polysaccharide chains of repeating

A

disaccharide units

60
Q

disaccharide units of ground substance: one of the subunits is always

A

an amino sugar (either n-acetyl glucosamine or galactosamine)

61
Q

glycosaminoglycan (GAG)=

A

mucopolysaccharide (MPS)

62
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A

non-functional or insufficient lysosomal enzymes

aka. mucopolysaccharidoses

63
Q

most GAGs are

A

sulfonate

ex. chondroitin sulfate, herapan sulfate

64
Q

most GAGs are covalent bound to protein molecules to form

A

proteoglycans (mucoproteins)

65
Q

most common types of GAGs found in ECM (5)

A 
hyaluronic acid 
chondroitin sulfate 
keratan sulfate 
dermatan suflate 
heparin sulfate
66
Q

hyaluronic acid is found in most

A

connective tissue

67
Q

chondroitin sulfate is found in (2)

A

cartilage and bone

68
Q

keratan sulfate is found in (4)

A

cartilage
bone
cornea
intervertebral disk

69
Q

dermatan suflate is found in (3)

A

dermis of the skin
blood vessels
heart valves

70
Q

heparin sulfate is found in (3)

A

basement membrane
lung
liver

71
Q

GAGs don’t compact well because they are

A

large, take up space

72
Q

GAGs are – charged

A

negatively

due to sulfate and carboxyl side groups

73
Q

because GAGs are negatively charged, they are

A

hydrophilic, attract water, form a gel like substance

74
Q

ground substance is mostly made of (3)

A

GAGs (1’ hyaluronic acid)
proteoglycans
water

75
Q

incompressibility of water provides — pressure of connective tissue

A

turgor

76
Q

GAGs are reinforced with

A

fibrous protein

77
Q

predominant GAG is loose connective tissue

A

hyaluronic acid (hyaluronate)

78
Q

hyaluronic acid lacks

A

sulfated side groups

79
Q

hyaluronic acid are several — sugars long

A

thousand, very long

80
Q

hyaluronic acid does not form — themself, but it can bind with them

A

proteoglycans

81
Q

ground substance is an impervious barrier to

A

microorganisms (hard to swim through and penetrate)

82
Q

pathogenic bacteria produce — to destroy this barrier and facilitate their spread

A

hyaluroniase

83
Q

loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

sparse fibers and abundant ground substance

viscous, gel-like consistency

84
Q

loose connective tissue has a — function

A

supportive

85
Q

loose connective tissue is located (2)

A

beneath epithelial and around neurons and blood vessels

86
Q

dense connective tissue provides

A

structural support

abundant fibers, moderate number of cells, lesser ground substance

87
Q

two types of dense connective tissue

A

regular

irregular

88
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A

collagen fibers oriented parallel to each other
densely packed fibers and cells arranged in fascicles
(ex. ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses)

89
Q

irregular dense connective tissue

A

collagen fibers oriented randomly

moderate number of fibers and few cells

90
Q

specialized connective tissue includes (7)

A 
bone 
blood
cartilage
adipose tissue
hematopoietic tissue
lymphatic tissue
mesenchymal CT (limited to embryo)
mucus CT (limited to embryo)
91
Q

adipose tissue contains adipocytes derived from

A

lipoblasts

92
Q

primitive mesenchyme is adapted for storing

A

fat (1’ triglycerides)

93
Q

why is fat energetically very active?

A

it has a rich blood supply

94
Q

adipose tissue functions in (3)

A

energy storage
thermoregulation
shock absorber

95
Q

white fat (unilocular) is distributed in

A

dermis and around intraperitoneal organs

96
Q

percentages of white fat in men vs women

A

20% M

25% F

97
Q

brown fat (multilocular) is highly

A

specialized

98
Q

brown fat is present in (2)

A

infants

hibernating animals

99
Q

brown fat is used in — to maintain body temperature

A

thermoregulation

100
Q

brown fat is located in — in humans

A

adrenals

101
Q

brown fat contains large numbers of — for heat

A

mitochondria

Histology (32 decks)

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