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Histology > Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cell Ultrastructure and Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

2 major categories of organisms

A

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

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2
Q

prokaryote examples

A

monera, cyanobacteria

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3
Q

eukaryotes examples

A

single-celled protists, protozoa, multicelled metazoans

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4
Q

metazoans

A

multicellular organisms

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5
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

nucleus with nuclear envelope

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: present

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6
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: present

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7
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

histones

A

prokaryotes: absent
eukaryotes: complex with DNA

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8
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

DNA

A

prokaryotes: circular
eukaryotes: organized into chromosomes

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9
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

flagella

A

prokaryotes: lack axoneme
eukaryotes: axoneme present

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10
Q

Is is present or absent in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

cell wall

A

prokaryotes: unique
eukaryotes: absent in animals, present in plants and fungi

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11
Q

protoplasm

A

~70-85% water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, carbs

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12
Q

chromatin

A

DNA complexed with nucleoproteins

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13
Q

chromatin is packaged into

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

individual chromosomes contain

A

genes

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15
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA coding for particular traits

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16
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the same gene

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17
Q

inmost eukaryotic cells, chromosomes exist as

A

homologous pairs

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18
Q

diploid in humans

A

2n=46

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19
Q

haploid

A

n=23

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20
Q

karyotyping

A

sorting of chromosome pairs according to size and shape

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21
Q

heterochromatin

A

e- dense, darkly staining, inactive DNA and nucleoproteins

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22
Q

Barr body

A

permanently inactive DNA found in females

represents degenerates X chromosomes, only 1 of pair active, other degenerates

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23
Q

euchromatin

A

dispersed DNA active in transcription (RNA synthesis)

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24
Q

cells active in translation will have prominent

A

nucleolus and abundant euchromatin

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25
Q

why do we have RNA?

A

DNA is trapped in the nucleus and the machinery is in the cytoplasm. the DNA cannot exit the nucleus, however the RNA can

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26
Q

most chromatin in the nucleus is

A

inactive heterochromatin

only a small % active at any one time is euchromatin

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27
Q

lamp brush chromatin

A

active portions of chromosomes unravel to become visible

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28
Q

histones assist with

A

DNA folding chromatin organization into chromosomes

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29
Q

nucleosomes

A

segments of DNA wrapped around several histones

regulate DNA activity

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30
Q

non histones

A

additional category of nucleoproteins; may also be involved in regulation of gene activity

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31
Q

nuclear envelope separates

A

nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

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32
Q

two layers of the nuclear envelope

A

inner and outer nuclear membrane separated by perinuclear cisterna

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33
Q

nuclear lamina

A

inner nuclear membrane associated with network of lamin filaments

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34
Q

outer membrane is studded with ribosomes

A

continuous with eER

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35
Q

inner and outer nuclear membranes are connected by a

A

nuclear pore complex

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36
Q

nucleoproteins

A

ring of proteins which surrounds the nuclear pore complex

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37
Q

nuclear envelope regulates the exchange of

A

macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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38
Q

ribosomes are bipartite, meaning

A

two subunits
40s and 60s
=80

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39
Q

ribosomes contain

A

protein

rRNA

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40
Q

ribosomes are synthesized and assembled in the

A

nucleolus

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41
Q

ribosomes are found

A

free in the cytoplasm and attached to rER and outer nuclear membrane

42
Q

polyribosomes/polysomes

A

aggregates of ribosomes and mRNA, frequently attach to ER

43
Q

if ribosomes attach to ER, it becomes

A

rER

44
Q

ribosomes are the site of

A

protein synthesis (translation)

45
Q

mitochondria produce energy (ATP) via (2)

A

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

mitochondria vary greatly in

A

size, shape, and number within the cell

47
Q

oblong to oval, move

A

freely within the cytosol

48
Q

mitochondria are present in all cells, except (2)

A

rbc
keratinocytes
(limits their life span because they dont have an energy source)

49
Q

mitochondria membranes

A

inner and outer

50
Q

microchondrial inner membrane is

A

pleated to form folds, known as cristae

51
Q

cristae are lined with

A

elementary particles that contain enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation

52
Q

mitochondrial outer membrane is

A

permeable, containing pore-forming protein, porin

53
Q

inner cavity of the mitochondria is filled with

A

amorphous matrix material

54
Q

matrix also contains

A

dense grandules

55
Q

dense granules are thought to be

A

binding/storage sites for Ca

56
Q

mitochondrial DNA is

A

circular

57
Q

mitochondria replication

A

self replicating

reproduce by binary fission, similar to bacterial division

58
Q

mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to

A

bacterial ribosomes

59
Q

mitochondria are inherited

A

maternally

60
Q

mitochondria are similar to

A

prokaryotes

61
Q

cells depend on energy derived from

A

cellular respiration

62
Q

energy released from chemical breakdown of organic molecules from diet (proteins, carbs, fat)are stored in the form of

A

ATP

63
Q

cell respiration begins in the cytosol where glucose is

A

converted to pyruvic acid

64
Q

pyruvic acid then diffuses into the

A

mitochondria

65
Q

mitochondria is the site of

A

aerobic respiration

66
Q

mitochondria matrix contains enzymes of the

A

krebs cycle

pyruvate=co2+h2o+ATP

67
Q

the most ATP is produced during

A

oxidative phosphorylation by cytochromes of the ETC

68
Q

cytochromes

A

enzymes on the inner membrane of cristae

69
Q

krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation within the krebs cycle both require

A

o2

aerobic respiration

70
Q

rER has surface receptor molecules for

A

ribosomal attachment

71
Q

rER specializes in

A

protein synthesis

72
Q

sER function in (5)

A 
lipid synthesis
transport of proteins from rER to golgi
membrane formation
recycling 
synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones
73
Q

sER is the principle organelle involved in

A

detoxification and conjugation of drugs and toxins

74
Q

coated vesicles

A

surround and coat proteins for transport, bud off sER, transport proteins between sER and golgi and between golgi and cell

75
Q

golgi functions in

A

post-translational modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins synthesized in the rER

76
Q

examples of post-translational modification

A

sulfation
phosphorylation
glycosylation

77
Q

convex golgi vs concave golgi

A

forming face

maturing face

78
Q

convex golgi is where

A

proteins arrive from rER in coated transfer vesicles

cis

79
Q

concave golgi is where

A

proteins packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles are secreted

trans

80
Q

glogi curvature is from

A

vesicles constantly budding off and arriving

81
Q

vesicles bud off maturing face as

A

condensing vacuoles, sorted into secretory vesicles for extracellular export via exocytosis or as membrane-bound vesicles for internal use, or as secretory granules for long term storage

82
Q

membrane trafficking

A

during exocytosis and secretion, large amounts of intracellular membrane incorporated into outer cell membrane- recycled by golgi

83
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

ex. acid phosphatase

84
Q

1’ lysosome

A

newly formed lysosomes produced by rER and golgi

85
Q

phagolysosome/2’ lysosome

A

when 1’ lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicles

86
Q

hydrolytic breakdown results in the production of

A

3’ lysosome/ residual body

87
Q

3’ lysosome may either be

A

excreted or remain in cells for life

88
Q

lysosomes and apoptosis

A

lysosomes used to degrade organelles and cells with finite lifespans during apoptosis (autophagy)

89
Q

endosomes

A

endocytic vesicle with acid pH in lumen

90
Q

endosomes have an acid pH because

A

proton pumps in the membrane, which pump H+ into the interior, acidifying its contents

91
Q

peroxisomes (microbodies)

A

membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes (oxidases)

92
Q

peroxisomes resemble

A

lysosomes

93
Q

peroxisomes contain (2)

A

catalase

peroxidase

94
Q

peroxisomes use enzymes, free radicals, and hydrogen peroxide to

A

oxidize toxic metabolites

95
Q

peroxisomes are seen in

A

kidney and liver cells which digest toxins from the environment

96
Q

non-living components of the cell include (5)

A 
neutral fat droplets 
lipids
glycogen
secretory granules
pigment granules
97
Q

viral inclusions can be (2)

A

intracytoplasmic or intracellular

98
Q

melanin

A

black, brown, granular pigment; produced by melanocytes, transported to other cells

99
Q

lipofuscin

A

gold-brown granules; frequently seen in neurons; sometimes called “old age pigment” (accumulates in older cells)

100
Q

mammals have limited pigment bc of

A

melanin

Histology (32 decks)

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