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Histology > Skeletal System Part 1 > Flashcards

Skeletal System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

primary function of bone and cartilage

A

support and locomotion/movement

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2
Q

secondary functions of bone and cartilage (3)

A

protection
mineral storage
hemopoiesis

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3
Q

bone vs cartilage (rigidity)

A

bone is rigid

cartilage is semi-rigid

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4
Q

both bone and cartilage are derived from

A

primitive mesenchymal cells

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5
Q

relative strength of each is due to properties of (2)

A

ground substance and extracellular fibers

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6
Q

cartilage is a — precursor

A

bone

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7
Q

Cartilage formation begins with

A

stellate mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

stellate mesenchymal cells differentiate into — —, grow & synthesize (2)

A

rounded chondroblasts

ground substance & fibrous extracellular matrix

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9
Q

ground substance & fibrous extracellular matrix trap chondroblasts in

A

lacunae

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10
Q

Further mitotic divisions produce clusters of mature chondrocytes, referred to as

A

isogenous groups

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11
Q

isogenous groups are separated by

A

extracellular matrix

territorial vs. interterritorial

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12
Q

Cartilage surrounded by

A

perichondrium

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13
Q

perichondrium

A

peripheral zone of dense connective tissue, containing fibroblasts, collagen, & immature chondroblasts

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14
Q

Interstitial growth

A

new cartilage forms within mass

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15
Q

with interstitial growth, chondrocytes retain the ability to

A

divide

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16
Q

Appostional growth

A

new cartilage forms at surface of pre-existing cartilage

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17
Q

which type of growth is more common?

A

Appostional growth

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18
Q

New chondrocytes derived from mesenchymal cells of inner perichondrium—differentiate first into

A

chondroblasts

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19
Q

More mature chondrocytes present at center of cartilage mass, with younger cells at

A

periphery

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20
Q

Cartilage is an — — —meaning most cartilage lacks blood vessels

A

avascular connective tissue

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21
Q

Exchange of metabolites occurs via

A

diffusion through ground substance

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22
Q

Limits thickness of

A

mature cartilage

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23
Q

thick cartilage contains blood vessels in

A

2’ cartilage canals

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24
Q

Cartilage contains extracellular matrix of amorphous ground substance containing

A

collagen

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25
Q

Matrix hydrated, contains ~ —, bound to proteoglycans

A

60-80% H2O

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26
Q

Accounts for its (2)

A

flexibility, incompressibility

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27
Q

GAG’s include (3)

A

hyaluronic acid (non-sulfated)
chondroitin sulfate
heparin sulfate

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28
Q

Most common glycoprotein is

A

chondronectin

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29
Q

variable types and amounts of fibers embedded within matrix produce three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
eastic

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30
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found? (6)

A 
articular surfaces
growth plates
nasal septum
costal cartilage (ribs)
tracheal  
bronchial rings
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31
Q

hyaline cartilage is the precursor for

A

bone in most of skeleton

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32
Q

hyaline cartilage is characterized by

A

small aggregates of chondrocytes in amorphous matrix of ground substance, reinforced with Type II collagen fibers

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33
Q

fibrocartilage consists of

A

alternating layers of hyaline cartilage & dense connective tissue (contains Type I & Type II collagen); less cellular than either

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34
Q

what does fibrocartilage lack?

A

perichondrium

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35
Q

where is fibrocartilage found? (2)

A

intervertebral discs

some articular areas

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36
Q

elastic cartilage is histologically similar to

A

hyaline cartilage (contains Type II collagen), with addition of large #’s of elastic fibers in extracellular matrix

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37
Q

examples of elastic cartilage (3)

A

external ear
auditory & Eustacian canals
epiglottis, & larynx

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38
Q

examples of fibrocartilage (4)

A

knee
mandible [TMJ]
shoulder
sternum (ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, pubic symphysis)

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39
Q

Repair in cartilage is limited, because repair requires blood flow

A

blood flow

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40
Q

repair in cartilage results in

A

production of dense connective tissue (fibrosis)

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41
Q

Invasion of site by blood vessels frequently results in death of (2)

A

chondrocytes & formation of bone

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42
Q

Tendency for all hyaline cartilage to calcify with

A

age

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43
Q

Tendency for all hyaline cartilage to calcify with age, via

A

deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within matrix

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44
Q

cartilage is eventually

A

replaced by bone

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45
Q

bone is a specialized support tissue—extracellular components are

A

mineralized

46
Q

mineralization results in (2)

A

rigidity & strength

47
Q

two main forms of bone

A

woven

lamellar

48
Q

Woven bone is

A

immature form characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers

49
Q

Later remodeled into

A

lamellar bone

50
Q

lamellar bone contains

A

concentric layers, called circumferential lamellae, with parallel collagen fibers

51
Q

Lamellar bone can be (2)

A

dense & compact (e.g., cortex of long bones)

cancellous (=spongy—at ends of bones)

52
Q

Cancellous bone contains network of (2)

A

thin, bony trabeculae (=spicules) & open spaces (marrow cavity)

53
Q

Bones in limbs =

A

long bones

54
Q

Have shaft (diaphysis) composed of — in cortex & — in medullary cavity (marrow)—

A

dense, compact bone

spongy, cancellous bone

55
Q

bone contains (2)

A

red (hematopoietic) marrow or yellow (fatty) marrow

56
Q

Ends of bones =

A

epiphyses

57
Q

epiphyses are composed of

A

spongy, cancellous bone, covered with hyaline articular cartilage

58
Q

Flared region between epiphysis & diaphysis =

A

metaphysis

59
Q

Metaphysis contains — — of long bones (“physis” of radiologists)

A

epiphyseal plate

60
Q

External surface of bone covered by

A

periosteum

61
Q

periosteum

A

layer of fibrous connective tissue

62
Q

what does periosteum contain? (2)

A

fibroblasts

osteoprogenitor cells

63
Q

Internal marrow cavity lined by

A

endosteum

64
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

parallel bundles of collagen fibers, extend from periosteum or Mm tendon & insert into superficial layer of bone

65
Q

function of Sharpey’s fibers

A

provide anchorage & support

66
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

resting mesenchymal cells

67
Q

where do osteoprogenitor cells reside? (2)

A

periosteum & endosteum

68
Q

what can osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into? (2)

A

osteoblasts & osteocytes

69
Q

Osteoblasts

A

roughly polygonal, mesenchymal cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells

70
Q

osteoblasts are very basophilic due to synthesis of large amounts of (2)

A

protein & proteoglycans

71
Q

Osteoblasts responsible for

A

synthesis of extracellular matrix & collagen

72
Q

extracellular matrix & collagen is collectively referred to as

A

osteoid

73
Q

Osteoid similar to cartilage, later mineralized to form

A

new bone

74
Q

Osteoblasts are responsible for calcification of matrix via secretion of

A

matrix vesicles

75
Q

Contain alkaline phosphatase, bud off osteoblasts into matrix, causing

A

precipitation of mineral salts (e.g., Ca & PO4)

76
Q

Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes within — after matrix mineralizes

A

lacunae

77
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature “bone cells”

78
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleate cells, probably derived from monocyte-macrophage lineage

79
Q

osteoclasts are

A

phagocytic

80
Q

osteoclasts are actively involved in (2)

A

resorption & remodeling of bone

81
Q

osteoclasts are usually found on endosteal/ periosteal surface in depressions, called

A

Howship’s lacunae, or resorption bays

82
Q

Osteoclasts function in Ca homeostasis by producing

A

organic acids & lysozymes that digest bone

83
Q

Osteoclasts function in Ca homeostasis by producing organic acids & lysozymes that digest bone—secreted into ECS by

A

ruffled border (modified, folded plasma membrane, containing microvilli-like structures)

84
Q

Bone serves as a reservoir for – & functions in

A

Ca

Ca homeostasis

85
Q

Regulated by 2 antagonistic hormones

A

parathormone & calcitonin

86
Q

what is parathormone secreted by?

A

parathyroid gland

87
Q

what does parathormone stimulate?

A

osteoclasts activity, results in bone resorption

88
Q

parathormone increases — and decreases —

A

increase blood ca levels

decreases renal excretion by kidneys

89
Q

what is calcitonin secreted by?

A

thyroid gland

90
Q

what does calcitonin stimulate?

A

osteoblast activity

91
Q

what does calcitonin inhibit?

A

osteoclasts, results in bone deposition

92
Q

what does calcitonin decrease

A

blood calcium levels

93
Q

somatotropin stimulates

A

growth of epiphyseal cartilage and bone

94
Q

somatotrophin decreases

A

blood calcium

95
Q

over secretion of somatotrophin can lead to

A

gigantism, or acromegaly

96
Q

undersecretion of somatotrophin leads to

A

pituitary dwarfism

97
Q

Mature, compact bone composition

A

~ 70% inorganic salts & 30% organic matrix

98
Q

> 90% of organic component is

A

Type I collagen

99
Q

Type I collagen is synthesized by

A

osteoblasts

100
Q

GAG’s of ground substance consist mostly of (3)

A

hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate, as well as keratin sulfate

101
Q

Non-collagenous organic molecules include (3)

A

osteocalcin
osteonectin
sialoproteins

102
Q

osteocalcin

A

binds intracellular Ca during mineralization

103
Q

osteonectin

A

bridges/ binds collagen & minerals

104
Q

sialoproteins

A

rich in sialic acid; concentrated from plasma

105
Q

Mineralized component of bone formed by inorganic salts, 1’ Ca & P, in form of

A

hydroxyapatite crystals–Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

106
Q

Bone also has affinity for (2)

A

heavy metals (e.g., Pb, Hg) & radioactive isotopes

107
Q

Compact bone contains

A

Haversian systems, also called osteons

108
Q

Osteons produced via — — —removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts

A

bony remodeling

109
Q

Size of average Haversian system ~=size of

A

osteoclast

110
Q

Outer margin of osteon delimited by

A

“cement line”

111
Q

Followed by invasion of

A

empty canal by osteoblasts

Histology (32 decks)

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