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Histology > Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where is MALT found

A

throughout the respiratory tract

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2
Q

MALT is lymphoid —-

A

aggregates

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3
Q

BALT or MALT are found in

A

lamina propria

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4
Q

lamina propria

A

layer of subepithelial connective tissue

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5
Q

1’ function of MALT is

A

secretion of IgA onto mucosal surface

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6
Q

IgA secretion onto mucosal surface provides

A

provides protection from micro-organisms

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7
Q

Deep to mucosa is smooth Mm layer,

A

muscularis mucosae

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8
Q

Prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts as — —

A

alveolar rings

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9
Q

function of muscular mucosae (3)

A

Controls luminal diameter of airways & resistance to airflow, regulates alveolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage

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10
Q

alveolar ducts & alveoli lined by

A

simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Alveoli are thin-walled structures surrounded by rich

A

capillary network

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12
Q

what are alveoli supplied by?

A

supplied by pulmonary A

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13
Q

Walls between alveoli called

A

alveolar septa

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14
Q

Septa contain

A

alveolar pores

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15
Q

alveolar pores

A

communicating spaces between alveoli

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16
Q

~95% of alveolar surface area covered by simple squamous epithelium consisting of

A

Type I pneumocytes

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17
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange

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18
Q

Air within alveolus separated
from blood within capillaries
by 2 cell layers—so-called

A

air-

blood barrier

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19
Q

air-blood barrier consists of (3)

A 
Type I 
pneumocytes of alveoli, 
endothelial cells lining 
capillaries, & shared, fused 
basement membrane
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20
Q

~5% of surface area of lung lined by

A

Type II pneumocytes

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21
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells

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22
Q

Type II pneumocyte can differentiate into

A

Type I cells

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23
Q

type 2 pneumocytes possess intracytoplasmic granules, called — —, containing —

A

lamellar bodies

phospholipid

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24
Q

Contents of type 2 pneumocyets secreted as

A

surfactant

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25
Q

surfactant, a —, which (2)

A

phospholipid

decreases surface tension & keeps cells moist for gas exchange

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26
Q

respiratory distress syndrome, 1’ respiratory problem for

A

lack of surfactant, premature infants

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27
Q

Throughout lung are small to

moderate #’s of

A

alveolar macrophages

= dust cells

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28
Q

dust cells

A

Phagocytize particulate

matter & microorganisms

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29
Q

dust cells are eliminated from lung at rate of ~50 million/day, via

A

mucocilliary ladder

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30
Q

No direct lymphatic drainage of alveoli—only

A

indirect, via

interstitium of interalveolar septa

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31
Q

Second system of pleural
lymphatics within visceral pleura
drains

A

pleural space

32
Q

Lymphatic obstruction can lead to (2)

A

pleural effusion or pulmonary edema

33
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid within pleural space between lungs results in horizontal fluid line

34
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid within alveoli of lungs

results in interstitial pattern

35
Q

Both common with

A

pneumonia

36
Q

pneumonia

A

bacterial &/or viral
infection of lung with increase
inflammatory cell infiltrate esp. neutrophils & macrophages

37
Q

Infections associated with

pneumonia may decrease production of

A

pleural fluid

38
Q

damage to the pleura

A

pleurisy

39
Q

Adhesions between visceral & parietal pleura results in

A

connective

tissue tags

40
Q

originally seen in coal miners, from inhaling “anthracite” coal dust; now common in urban environments

A

Anthracosis

41
Q

Silicosis & asbestosis

A

silicosis from inhaled silica particles

42
Q

primary source of silicosis & asbestosis

A

coal dust & asbestos

43
Q

silicosis & asbestosis

A

sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose

44
Q

Sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose results in — — due to accumulation of silicic acid in lungs, which stimulates (2)

A

pulmonary fibrosis

fibroblast proliferation & collagen production

45
Q

Asbestos inhalation has also
been linked to benign and
malignant

A

mesothelioma

46
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculinum

47
Q

TB

A

formation of multifocal nodules or tubercles

48
Q

Bacterial foci surrounded by inflammatory cells,

especially macrophages, walled off by

A

fibrotic

capsule

49
Q

Highly contagious, especially among

A

primates

50
Q

Mucus production — in response to smoking

A

increases

51
Q

Smoking impairs

A

cilia

52
Q

how does smoking impair cilia?

A

first lose synchronicity, then die

53
Q

Mucus accumulation results in

A

“smoker’s hack”

54
Q

Bronchitis

A

fibrosis, thickening of airways

55
Q

Over time, normal pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium of URT replaced by

A

stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one tissue type by another

57
Q

More resist to

A

physical stress

58
Q

Can be incited by (3)

A

physical trauma (chronic coughing), chemical, or thermal insult (smoking)

59
Q

Metaplasia may be first step in

A

neoplasia (cancer)—cigarettes also contain carcinogens

60
Q

1’ cause of lung cancer is

A

smoking

61
Q

emphysema is characterized by

A

permanent enlargement of alveoli

62
Q

permanent enlargement of alveoli

A

bulla formation

63
Q

Caused by chronic obstruction of air flow results in

A

destruction of alveolar septa & decrease surface area for gas exchange

64
Q

what is emphysema initiated by

A

chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation

65
Q

chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation results in

A

destruction of alveolar wall

66
Q

destruction of alveolar wall is due to

A

release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils & macrophages

67
Q

most common cause of emphysema

A

smoking

68
Q

Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema collectively referred to as

A

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

69
Q

Asthma characterized by (4)

A

chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation & increased responsiveness

70
Q

asthma results in exaggerated

A

bronchoconstriction

71
Q

how is asthma initiated

A

by formation of Ag-Ab complexes on cell membranes, require phagocytosis

72
Q

Mast cells & eosinophils present in large #’s in — in asthmatics

A

submucosa

can be present with other inflammatory cells

73
Q

Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release (2)

A

histamine & SRS

74
Q

Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release histamine& SRS results in smooth Mm contraction of (2)

A

bronchioles & vasodilation

75
Q

acute asthma attack

A

smooth Mm contractionof bronchioles & vasodilation

76
Q

Eosinophils counteract effects of histamine with (2)

A

histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits mast cell degranulation), etc.

Histology (32 decks)

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