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Histology > Circulatory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Circulatory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the venous system function as?

A

a low pressure collecting system for returning blood from capillary beds to heart

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2
Q

Vv in comparison to Aa (2)

A

Thinner walled vessels with larger relative luminal diameter than corresponding Aa

Fewer layers of smooth Mm in tunica media compared to similar sized Aa

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3
Q

thickest of the three layers in the venous system

A

tunica adventitia

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4
Q

what prevent backflow ?

A

valves

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5
Q

where do valves prevent back flow typically? (2)

A

limbs and thorax

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6
Q

what is valve failure in the legs called?

A

varicose veins

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7
Q

small veins

A

venues

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8
Q

what do venues lack? (2)

A

elastic laminae and smaller venues may lack tunica media

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9
Q

post-capillary venules

diameter and what is reduced or absent?

A

10-50 um in diameter; both tunica media & adventitia reduced or absent

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10
Q

what is the preferential site for diapedesis

A

post-capillary venules

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11
Q

where do venues drain?

A

into larger collecting venules, then muscular venules

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12
Q

venues

diameter and description

A

~50-100 um in diameter, with thin smooth Mm layer in tunica media

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13
Q

what layer is thick in venuoles?

A

tunica adventitia

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14
Q

what substances act on venuoles?

A

vasoactive substances (histamine, serotonin)

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15
Q

how do vasoactive substances act on venuoles?

A

they enlarge the intercellular spaces which increases permeability of vessels

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16
Q

what are large & medium sized Vv called?

A

muscular Vv

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17
Q

small muscular veins may or may not contain

A

internal elastic lamina

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18
Q

medium muscular veins contain only

A

internal elastic lamina

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19
Q

large muscular veins contain both

A

internal and external elastic lamina

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20
Q

what does smooth muscle in tunica media control the luminal diameter of? (2)

A

muscular veins and venuoles

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21
Q

what are AV shunts?

A

direct connections between arterial and venous system

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22
Q

AW shunts bypass

A

capillary beds

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23
Q

what are capillary beds?
common in –
function in –

A

a type of anastomosis, common in the skin to function in thermoregulation

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24
Q

portal vessels

A

arteries or veins connecting two capillary beds

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25
Q

examples of portal vessels (2)

A

hepatic portal vein

a venous portal system

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26
Q

When endothelium of vessel damaged, cholesterol adheres to

A

exposed proteins

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27
Q

Once endothelium heals, cholesterol patch is

A

reabsorbed

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28
Q

what does phagocytosis by macrophages and later by endothelial and subintimal cells result in

A

foam cells

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29
Q

what happens if the inflammatory response becomes chronic?

A

atherosclerosis and plaque formation

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30
Q

atherosclerosis can be (2)

A

generalized or focal

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31
Q

the most common acquired abnormality of blood vessels is

A

atherosclerosis

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32
Q

as plaque enlarges, or if endothelium is damaged, it exposed

A

underlying collagen

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33
Q

what does atherosclerosis initiate? (2)

A

the clotting cascade, thrombus formation

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34
Q

what is it called if a piece of thrombus breaks off? what disease is associated to this?

A

embolus

thromboembolic disease

35
Q

atherosclerosis is later accompanied by proliferation of smooth muscle cells and formation of

A

fibrous, connective tissue capsule

36
Q

what happens as cells within the plaque die? (2)

A

necrosis and secondary calcification (hardening of Aa)

37
Q

what is atherosclerosis often associated with?

A

hypertension due to a decrease in the diameter of vessel lumen and an increase in systolic blood pressure

38
Q

what is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?

A

atherosclerosis

39
Q

what occurs during ischemic heart disease

A

lumen of coronary arteries may decrease by 90%

40
Q

stenosis

A

gradual narrowing by plaque

41
Q

what does gradual narrowing by plaque result in

A

thrombosis of vessel

42
Q

what does thrombosis mean

A

occlusion

43
Q

what occurs after sudden occlusion by an embolus?

A

acute ischemic event

44
Q

what does a decrease in oxygen to the heart muscle result in?

A

angina

45
Q

angina

A

chest pain

46
Q

decrease in oxygen

A

anoxia

47
Q

myocardial infarction

A

death by ischemia

48
Q

if ischemic heart disease/thrombo-embolic disease is left untreated and a portion of muscle dies,

A

myocardial infarction

49
Q

Since cardiac Mm cells in Go phase (terminally differentiated), unable to regenerate; all healing occurs via

A

fibrosis

50
Q

connective tissue is less contractile than

A

muscle

51
Q

because connective tissue is less contractile than muscle, you may experience a decrease in

A

function or partial loss of function

52
Q

in endocarditis, what might also be effected?

A

heart valves

53
Q

Inflammation & thickening of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence leads to

A

increased turbulence (blood leakage when they should be closed)

54
Q

increase turbulence can lead to (2)

A

vegetative endocarditis and thromboembolic disease

55
Q

Strokeis similar to MI, except affects — instead of heart

A

brain

56
Q

Neurons are also

A

terminally differentiated

57
Q

what does stroke result in?

A

cerebral infarct, with similar cell death & loss of function

58
Q

what determines symptoms and severity of stroke?

A

location

59
Q

aneurism

A

blood vessels dilation to form thin-walled, balloon-like regions

60
Q

what do aneurisms commonly do?

A

burst

61
Q

where are aneurisms common? (2)

A

aorta (death)

brain (stroke)

62
Q

lymph vascular system in comparison to veins

A

Structurally similar to Vv, but endothelial cells thinner, with greater permeability

63
Q

Lymph endothelial cells highly active in

A

phagocytosis

64
Q

what is thin in the lymph vascular system?

A

tunica media

65
Q

are valves present in the lymph vascular system?

A

yes

66
Q

what else is present in the lymph vascular system? (2)

A

basement membrane and pericytes may be present or absent

67
Q

what is the function of the lymph vascular system?

A

Drain excess fluid (lymph) from ECS & return it to bloodstream

68
Q

Lymph formed as result of

A

high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles

69
Q

what happens if the hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeds colloidal oncontic pressure exerted by plasma proteins? (3)

A

leakage of water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins from capillaries into the ECS

70
Q

define lymphatics

A

ECS drained by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules

71
Q

where does the lymph vascular system converge? (2)

A

on the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

72
Q

what is the largest lymph vessel in the body?

A

thoracic duct

73
Q

where does lymph return to the bloodstream?

A

the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

74
Q

does the lymph vascular system have a central pumping mechanism?

A

no

75
Q

how is movement of lymph accomplished?

A

skeletal muscle contraction, body movement

76
Q

immobility may lead to (2)

A

peripheral edema

swollen feet

77
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

interspersed along lymph vessels

78
Q

what do lymph nodes contain?

A

lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling and recognition

79
Q

antigenic sampling

A

activation of immune cells and production of antibodies

80
Q

asymmetrical lymph draining is important in…

A

tumor metastasis

81
Q

what is the easiest way to identify lymph vessels in section?

A

thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid (lymph), occasional WBC

82
Q

elephantiasis

A

due to a worm that sets up in the lymph vessels and prevents/blocks lymphatic return, often in the legs

83
Q

why is it called elephantiasis?

A

thickening of CT and skin which looks leathery, like an elephants skin

Histology (32 decks)

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