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Histology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

singular meninx is composed of

A

specialized epithelial cells (meningothelial cells)

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2
Q

meninges are supported by

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

meninges have a — function

A

protection

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4
Q

the meninges are confined to

A

outlet layer of brain and cord in CNS

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5
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer

thick layer of dense connective tissue, internally lined by mesothelium

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6
Q

dura in the cranium

A

fuses with the periosteum of the skull

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7
Q

dura in the spinal cord

A

dura surrounded by epidural space

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8
Q

subdural space

A

separates the dura from underlying arachnoid mater

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9
Q

underlying subarachnoid space is lined by

A

flattened mesothelial cells

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10
Q

subarachnoid space separates the arachnoid from the Pia mater, subarachnoid space contains

A

CSF

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11
Q

subarachnoid space is continuous with

A

ventricles of the brain

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12
Q

pia mater is highy

A

vascular

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13
Q

pia + arachnoid

A

leptomeninges

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14
Q

denticulate ligamanets

A

support cord, extend from pia, anchor cord to arachnoids, dura, and periosteum

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15
Q

neurons in the CNS are derived from

A

neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube

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16
Q

brain and cord contain

A

gray and white matter

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17
Q

peripheral gray matter contains

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

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18
Q

central white matter contains

A

mostly myelinated axons

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19
Q

neuroglia/neuroglial cells

A

large number of support cells in the CNS

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20
Q

neuroglia are highlight branched and provide

A

structural and metabolic support for neurons

aid in tissue repair following injury

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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS equivalent of Schwann cells, elaborate myelin sheaths

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22
Q

astrocytes

A

most highly branched, largest neuroglia cells

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23
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic, fixed tissue macrophage; part of monocyte-macrophage lineage; smallest neuroglia cells; originally mesodermal, have immune function

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24
Q

ependymal cells

A

cuboidal epithelium singing ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

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25
Q

ependymal cells are frequently

A

ciliated, microvilli for reabsorption of CSF

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26
Q

CSF is secreted by the

A

choroid plexus

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27
Q

choroid plexus

A

vascular structure arising from walls fo ventricle in brain

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28
Q

modified — cells secrete CSF

A

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

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29
Q

cerebrum is also known as the

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

in mammals, neocortex evolved to include

A

sensory, motor, and association areas

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31
Q

in humans –% of the cortex is neocortex

A

90%

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32
Q

cerebrum is grossly organized into

A

folds or gyri

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33
Q

cerebral cortex is composed of — — peripherally

A

gray matter

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34
Q

nuclei

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies form small islands of gray matter in cerebrum & cerebellum

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35
Q

Neuroglial cells in gray matter include (2)

A

astrocytes and microglial cells

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36
Q

Deep to cortex is subcortical

A

white matter (medulla)

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37
Q

white matter contains mostly

A

myelinated axons surrounded by oligodendrocytes

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38
Q

Axons leading in & out of gray matter also grouped in bundles called

A

tracts

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39
Q

Histologically, neurons of neocortex divided into — morphological categories

A

five

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40
Q

Anatomically, divided into —layers, designated with Roman numerals I-VI, from superficial to deep

A

six

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41
Q

functionally, arranged into

A

vertical columns or units

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42
Q

cortical neurons (5)

A 
pyramidal cells 
stellate cells
cells of martinotti
fusiform cells 
horizontal cells of cajal
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43
Q

pyramidal cells

A

pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large

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44
Q

Beta cells

A

largest pyramidal cells, include upper Moto neurons in the motor cortex

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45
Q

stellate cells

A

mall star-shaped neurons with short axons & dendrites

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46
Q

cells of martinotti

A

small neurons with long, horizontal axons

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47
Q

fusiform cells

A

vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with vertical axons

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48
Q

horizontal cells of cajal

A

horizontally oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with horizontal axons

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49
Q

least common cortical neurons

A

horizontal cells of canal

found only in the superficial layer

50
Q

first layer of the neocortex

A

plexiform (molecular) layer—most superficial layer; contains mostly dendrites & axons of cortical neurons

51
Q

second layer of the neocortex

A

outer granular layer—contains large #’s of small pyramidal & stellate cells

52
Q

third layer of the neocortex

A

pyramidal cell layer—larger cells located deeper in layer; Martinotti cells also present

53
Q

fourth layer of the neocortex

A

inner granular layer—densely packed stellate cells

54
Q

fifth layer of the neocortex

A

ganglionic layer—contains large pyramidal cells, stellate cells & cells of Martinotti

55
Q

sixth layer of the neocortex

A

multiform cell layer—contains small pyramidal cells, cells of Martinotti, stellate cells & fusiform cells

56
Q

cerebellum coordinates (3)

A

muscular activity, posture, & equilibrium

57
Q

cerebellum is grossly organized into

A

folds, or folia, with central medullaof whitematter, contains mostly oligodendrocytes & myelinated axons

58
Q

outer cerebellar cortex has - layers

59
Q

2 layers of the outer cerebellar cortex

A

Outer molecularlayer

Inner granularlayer

60
Q

Outer molecularlayer

A

contains few neurons & large #’s of unmyelinated axons

61
Q

Inner granularlayer

A

highly cellular, very basophilicContains large # of neuroglial cells & small neurons called granulecells

62
Q

Molecular & granular layers separated by single layer of large neurons called

A

Purkinje cells

63
Q

Purkinje cells

A

specialized neurons, function in coordination & equilibrium

64
Q

spinal cord has a similar structure throughout, with a prominent

A

ventral median fissure

65
Q

central canal contains

66
Q

central canal is lined by

A

ependymal cells

67
Q

central canal is continuous with

A

ventricles of the brain

68
Q

Unlike brain, gray matter of the spinal cord is located —, white matter —

A

centrally

peripherally

69
Q

anatomy of the spinal cord

A

2 dorsal horns & 2 ventral horns connected by thin central commissure

70
Q

what do dorsal horns of the spinal cord contain?

A

afferent, sensory nerve tracts

71
Q

what do dorsal nerve roots form

A

lateral extensions of dorsal horns of gray matter

72
Q

central bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in the

A

dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

73
Q

ventral horns contain

A

efferent (motor) n cell bodies to innervate skeletal muscle

74
Q

surrounding white matter of spinal cord contains (2)

A

ascending and descending fiber tracts

75
Q

columns

A

ascending and descending fiber tracts

76
Q

spinal cord contains mostly — axons

A

myelinated

77
Q

spinal cord contains mostly myelinated axons which carry

A

sensory and motor data

78
Q

in the PNS, connective tissue scar and Schwann cells form bridge between

A

ends of nerve

79
Q

if the gap is not too big, what is possible?

A

regeneration of the axon

80
Q

3 steps to regeneration of axons

A

1: Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge the gap
2: nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump
3: neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function

81
Q

if damage is too old or severe, the axon may need to

A

regrow its entire length

82
Q

how long can response to injury take?

A

weeks to months

83
Q

anterograde (wallerian) degeneration

A

if portion of axon distal to point of injury degenerates

84
Q

due to interruption of

A

axonal transport (nutrient synthesis occurs in cell body, transport down axon)

85
Q

cell body of an injured neuron also swells, becomes

A

brightly eosinophilic, loses nissl substance

86
Q

chromatolysis

A

loss of nissl substance

87
Q

what happens if injury is severe?

A

results in retrograde degeneration and death of cell body

88
Q

in the CNS, oligodendrocytes are less efficient than Schwann cells; instead,

A

neuroglia cells multiply

89
Q

scar tissue proliferation from glial cells prevents

A

regeneration

90
Q

how does scar tissue prevent regeneration?

A

physically blocks contract between body and axon

91
Q

neurons terminally differentiated (Go) o they are unable to be

92
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

93
Q

ALS is also known as

A

lou gehrigs disease

94
Q

ALS

A

due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary mm

95
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

96
Q

meningitis may be

A

bacterial or viral

97
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

98
Q

myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

99
Q

encephalomyelitis

A

brain and cord

100
Q

meningoencephalitis

A

meninges and brain

101
Q

symptoms/severity vary from

A

mild (headaches) to paralysis, debilitation and death

102
Q

viral meningitis generally

A

transient lymphocytic inflitrate

103
Q

bacterial meningitis ex (2)

A

meningococcus, streotococcus

104
Q

bacterial meningitis can result in

A

neutrophilic infiltrate and may be life threatening

105
Q

polo

A

poliovirus affects alpha-motor neurons of the ventral horn of spinal cord

106
Q

poliomyelitis

A

lower motor neuron paralysis and subsequent mm atrophy

107
Q

how was poliomyelitis eradicated?

A

invention of Salk vaccine

108
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular tremor due to death of neurons in substantial nigra

109
Q

Parkinson’s disease decrease production of

A

dopamine in the brain

110
Q

treatment of Parkinson’s involves administration of

111
Q

l dopa

A

dopamine precursor

112
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

form of dementia characterized by neural plaques and fibrillary tangles within the cortex

113
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS

114
Q

in MS, antibodies destory

A

myelin sheaths around axons

115
Q

destruction of myelin sheaths results in

A

plaque formation

116
Q

who does MS usually affect?

A

women between 20-40 years of age

117
Q

symptoms of MS vary with (2)

A

location of affected neurons and degree of degeneration

118
Q

MS is often multiple episodes with

A

partial resolution in between

119
Q

Guillain barre syndrome

A

immune mediated demyelination in PNS

120
Q

Gillian barre is often imitated by infection, leading to

A

progressive weakness in peripheral mm

Histology (32 decks)

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