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Histology > Endocrine Glands Part 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Small, oval endocrine glands associated with thyroid

A

parathyroid gland

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2
Q

parathyroid is usually two pairs in mammals (2),

present on

A

superior & inferior

posterior surface of thyroid gland

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3
Q

Parathyroid Gland is embryologically derived from

A

third and fourth branchial (pharyngeal) pouches

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4
Q

Parathyroid Gland

secretes (1)

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone, parathormone)

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5
Q

PTH regulates

A

serum Ca and P

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6
Q

PTH is — to calcitonin

A

antagonistic

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7
Q

Have reciprocal effects—parathyroid hormone

slowly — serum Ca; calcitonin rapidly — serum Ca

A

increases

decreases

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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases serum Ca 3 ways—

A
  • increases osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblasts)
  • increases renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys (& inhibits resorption of phosphate)
  • increases Ca absorption from gut via Vit D
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9
Q

• Parathyroid hormone secretion stimulated by

A

decrease in blood Ca

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10
Q

Damage/removal parathyroid results in

A

hypoparathyroidism

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11
Q

Hyperparathyroidism—

A

excess PTH production

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12
Q

Hyperparathyroidism—excess PTH production results in (2)

A

bony erosion & lysis

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13
Q

2 types of secretory cells:

A

chief (principal) cells

oxyphil cells

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14
Q

most abundant

A

chief cells

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15
Q

chief cells secrete

A

PTH

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16
Q

chief cells stain

A

clear to light pink, with dark nuclei & moderate amount of cytoplasm

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17
Q

Oxyphil cells are —, less numerous

A

larger

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18
Q

oxyphil cells stain

A

dark pink with more cytoplasm

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19
Q

oxyphil cells occur in —

A

clusters

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20
Q

oxyphil cells contain large numbers of —, but no —

A

mitochondria

secretory vesicles

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21
Q

function of oxyphil cells

A

unknown

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22
Q

— — of parathyroid gland common in older individuals

A

Fatty infiltration

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23
Q

Adrenal Gland=

A

suprarenal gland

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24
Q

Adrenal Gland is located

A

superior to kidneys

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25
Q

Adrenal Glands are covered by

A

thin CT capsule

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26
Q

Adrenal Gland: In mammals, — endocrine gland with — different
embryological origins

A

single

two

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27
Q

Adrenal Gland: In lower vertebrates, (2) are two separate

glands

A

medulla & cortex

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28
Q

Adrenal cortex is — embryological origin, similar to —

A

mesodermal

gonads

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29
Q

Adrenal cortex is regulated by

A

ACTH secreted by anterior pituitary

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30
Q

Steroid hormones structurally related to — precursor

A

cholesterol

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31
Q

3 functional classes of adrenal hormones :

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

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32
Q

Mineralocorticoids—(e.g., aldosterone) control (2) balance

A

electrolyte & fluid balance

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33
Q

Mineralocorticoids regulates Na and K levels via

A

Na pumps, especially in renal tubules

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34
Q

mineralocorticoids regulate BP via

A

JGA

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35
Q

Glucocorticoids—(e.g., cortisol)

Stimulate (2)

A

gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis

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36
Q

gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis both — blood glucose

A

increase

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37
Q

Glucocorticoids increase metabolism and breakdown of (3)

A

proteins
carbs
lipids

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38
Q

Sex hormones—(e.g., androgens) very — amount; supplement — production

A

small

gonadal

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39
Q

Cortex has three layers (from superficial to deep):

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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40
Q

Zona glomerulosa—

A

~15% of cortex: thin, dark-staining band

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41
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes

A

mineralocorticoids, e.g., aldosterone

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42
Q

Zona fasciculata—

A

~80% of cortex; broad, light-staining band

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43
Q

Zona fasciculata contains cells called

A

spongioctes

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44
Q

Zona fasciculata secretes (2)

A

glucocorticoids eg. cortisol

small amounts of androgens

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45
Q

Stress promotes secretion of cortisol, which — immune response

A

decreases

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46
Q

Zona reticularis—

A

~5% of cortex; thin, dark-staining band

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47
Q

Zona reticularis secretes small quantities of (2)

A

androgens and glucorticoids

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48
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism is also known as

A

Addison’s disease

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49
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone

mineralo- & glucocorticoids

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50
Q

Addisons disease is usually due to

A

atrophy of gland (often caused by autoimmune disease)

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51
Q

decrease in aldosterone results in (4)

A

decrease in ECF volume,
hyponatremia,
hyperkalemia,
mild acidosis

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52
Q

mild acidosis results in (2)

A

shock, death

aka Addisonian crisis

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53
Q

decrease in cortisol results in decrease in

A

blood glucose

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54
Q

treatment of Addisons disease

A

exogenous administration of mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids
(fluorinef & cortisol)

55
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism is also known as

A

Cushing’s disease

56
Q

Cushing’s disease can be either

A

1’ and 2’

57
Q

1’ Cushing’s disease

2’ Cushing’s disease

A

adrenal hyperadrenocorticism

pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, aka “Classical form”

58
Q

1’ (adrenal hyperadrenocorticism) is due to (2)

A

general adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor of adrenal cortex

59
Q

1’ results in excess — secretion

60
Q

2’ (pituitary hyperadrenocorticism, aka “Classical form”) is due to

A

increased ACTH from anterior pituitary (pituitary tumor, e.g., adenoma or carcinoma) or other cortisol-producing tumor

61
Q

increased ACTH secretion results in (2)

A

adrenal hyperplasia & excess cortisol secretion

Other cortisol producing tumor

62
Q

Adrenal medulla embryologically originates from —

A

neuroectoderm

63
Q

Adrenal medulla contains

A

chromaffin cells

64
Q

chromaffin cells—

A

modified, post-ganglionic neuronal cells with secretory function (epithelioid in appearance)

65
Q

Adrenal medulla is controlled directly by

A

preganglionic, sympathetic nerve fibers

66
Q

Chromaffin cells secrete

A

catecholamines

67
Q

catecholamines— (2)

A

Adrenaline (= epinephrine) & noradrenaline (= norepinephrine)

68
Q

catecholamines are stored in cytoplasmic granules called

A

dense core granules

69
Q 
Catecholamine release has systemic effect on --- receptors
throughout body (especially skeletal, cardiac, & smooth Mm)
A

adrenergic

70
Q

In concert with glucocorticoids, prepares body for — response

A

“fight or flight”

71
Q

Adrenaline promotes glycogenolysis in liver as energy source & is
responsible for production of

A

enkephalins

72
Q

enkephalins—

A

endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief

73
Q

Generally benign, functional
tumor of chromaffin cells of
adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

74
Q

Pheochromocytoma symptoms due to

A

increased epi and norepinephrine secretion

75
Q

SKIPPED

symptoms of Pheochromocytoma such as (7)

A 
Hypertension, 
headache,
cardiac arrhythmias, 
chest pain, 
anxiety, 
panic attacks,
nausea
76
Q

treatment of Pheochromocytoma

A

surgical removal of tumor

77
Q

Bulk of pancreas contains

A

exocrine acini

78
Q

exocrine acini—

A

secrete digestive products into gut

79
Q

During development, endocrine cells migrate from duct sys & aggregate around capillaries of pancreas, form

A

islets of Langerhans

80
Q

islets of Langerhans are distributed throughout

A

exocrine pancreatic tissue

81
Q

3 main islet cell types:

A

alpha
beta
gamma

82
Q

islet cells require — staining to differentiate

A

immunohistochemical

83
Q

alpha-cells (~15-20%)—secrete

84
Q

glucagon; — blood glucose, stimulates (2)

A

increases

glucogenesis & glycogenolysis

85
Q

beta-cells (~70%)—secrete

86
Q

insulin; — blood glucose & stimulates intracellular

A

decreases

glycogen synthesis

87
Q

gamma-cells (~5-10%)—secrete

A

somatostatin

88
Q

somatatostatin inhibits both (2) production

A

insulin & glucagon

89
Q

Other, miscellaneous cell types secrete (2)

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) & pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

90
Q

Pathology of pancreas—insulin deficiency/abnormality results in

A

diabetes mellitus

91
Q

diabetes mellitus is characterized by (2)

A

hyperglycemia (increase in blood glucose)

& glucosuria (glucose in urine)

92
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A

juvenile diabetes (decrease insulin production)

93
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2

A

adult onset diabetes (decrease # of insulin receptors or decrease responsiveness)

93
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body length

94
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body is located

A

anterodorsal to cerebellum

95
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body develops from — as evagination of

A

neuroectoderm

posterior portion of third ventricle, from roof of diencephalon

96
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body communicates with —

A

hypothalamus

97
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body acts as — in lower vertebrates

A

photoreceptor

98
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body translates light intensity & duration (photoperiod) into

A

endocrine activity

99
Q

Translates light intensity & duration (photoperiod) into endocrine activity—important in (2)

A

circadian rhythms & seasonal reproductive cycles

100
Q

Pineal Gland/ Body secretes hormones (2)

A

melatonin

chromatophores

101
Q

melatonin stimulates —

A

melanophores

102
Q

chromatophores

A

pigment-containing cells

103
Q

change in color intensity with (2)

A

reproductive cycle & serotonin (vasoconstrictor; neurotransmitter)

104
Q

In mammals, melatonin has anti— effect, to decrease

A

gonadal

sex activity

105
Q

Melatonin => — GNRH from hypothalamus => — sex hormone secretion
from gonads

A

decreases

decreases

106
Q

Two main cell types:

A

pinealocytes

neuroglial cells

107
Q

most common cell in pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes (= pineal chief cells)

108
Q

pinealocytes are highly modified —; which secrete (2)

A

neurons

melatonin and serotonin

109
Q

Neuroglial cells (= interstitial cells)—

A

support cells such as astrocytes, microglial cells

110
Q

May also see:

A

corpora arenacea

111
Q

corpora arenacea= (2)

A

“brain sand”, pineal sand

112
Q

corpora arenacea are calcified accretions of (2) in aging individuals

A

Ca & Mg phosphate

113
Q

Pituitary is divided int

A

anterior

posterior

114
Q

Pituitary is divided into

A

anterior & posterior half

115
Q

Anterior contains (3)

A

pink acidophils, purplish basophils & pale chromophobes

116
Q

Posterior contains (1)

A

neurosecretory axons from neurons in hypothalamus

117
Q

Thyroid—

A

large follicles containing thyroglobulin, lined by follicular epithelium

118
Q

Parathyroid—contains pale staining — cells (secrete PTH) with clusters of
larger, brighter pink — cells scattered throughout

A

chief

oxyphil

119
Q

Adrenal—
Cortex contains three alternating bands of
Central medulla contains

A

dark & light pink cells

adrenalin secreting chromaffin cells

120
Q

Pancreas—contains — eyelets of Langerhans interspersed among
— pancreatic acini

A

endocrine

exocrine

121
Q

Pineal—contains basophilic — scattered among pale staining —

A 
pineal sand (corpora arenacea)
pinealocytes
122
Q

A variety of endocrine cells scattered in the mucosa of (3)

A

GI,
respiratory tract,
& other organs

123
Q

GI & Respiratory Endocrine System secrete (2) hormones

A

peptide & amine hormones (e.g., gastrin, secretin, CCK, serotonin)

124
Q

~– different cell types with confusing terminology

125
Q

Some products even found in brain as —

A

neurotransmitters

126
Q

• Some of these cells have similar ultrastructure & metabolic pathways- called — cells

A

APUD

amine precursor uptake & decarboxylation

127
Q

At one time, common metabolic pathway was thought to indicate
common ancestry; term now falling into disuse, because cells found to
have different

A

embryological origins

128
Q

Embryologically, most derived from — — (highly modified

neurons, aka — cells)

A

neural crest

neuroendocrine

129
Q

Others in gut derived from — (— cells)

A

endoderm

enteroendocrine

130
Q

Both produce (2) hormones or neurotransmitters, with — granules & —like activity

A

amine or peptide
neurosecretory
hormone

131
Q

Best known examples include (3)

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (epinephrine & norepinephrine),
thyroid C cells (calcitonin),
pancreatic islets (insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin)

132
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in GI & respiratory tracts have a variety of

A

secretory products

e.g., gastrin, CCK, VIP, substance P, serotonin, bombesin

Histology (32 decks)

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