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Histology > GI Tract Part 2 > Flashcards

GI Tract Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

length of small intestine in humans

A

~4-6 m

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2
Q

the small intestine in the primary site of (2)

A

absorption

digestion

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3
Q

duodenum, length
jejunum length
ileum length

A

~25 cm (~1 ft)
~2 m
~3 m

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4
Q

Mucosa & submucosa throughout small intestine arranged in valve-like folds/ rings,

A

plica circulares

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5
Q

plica circulares

A

= valves of Kerkring

increase surface

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6
Q

plica circulares contain — core

A

submucosal core

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7
Q

Mucosal surface made up of —, ~1 mm long, contain core of — —

A

villi

lamina propria

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8
Q

Between villi are

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

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9
Q

Coeliac disease (gluten enteropathy) causes (2)

A

villus blunting & atrophy

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10
Q

Coeliac disease(gluten enteropathy) causes villus blunting & atrophy results in (2)

A

malabsorption & weight loss

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11
Q

Epithelium supported by connective tissue lamina propria, containing capillaries & lymphatics for

A

absorption of nutrients

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12
Q

Intestinal villi lined by

A

simple columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Mucosal cells of the small intestine called —, cover surface of villi

A

enterocytes

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14
Q

— surface highly folded, modified into microvilli

A

Apical/luminal

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15
Q

Apical/ luminal surface highly folded, modified into microvill is also known as

A

striated or brush border

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16
Q

microvilli increase surface area for

A

absorption

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17
Q

microvilli are coated with protective

A

glycocalyx of disaccharides

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18
Q

glycocalyx of disaccharides is a site of

A

membrane digestion

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19
Q

Interspersed among enterocytes

are

A

mucus secreting goblet cells

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20
Q

Interspersed among enterocytes
are mucus secreting goblet cells;
Synthesize

A

mucinogen, resulting in mucus

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21
Q

mucinogen is stored in

A

membrane-bound

granules

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22
Q

mucinogen (2) epithelium

A

lubricates and protects

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23
Q

Actively dividing — — located

at base of crypts

A

stem cells

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24
Q

Cells migrate up villus, mature, &

are —

A

shed

25
Q

Entire epithelial lining replaced in

A

3-

5 days

26
Q

— cells found at base of crypts

A

Paneth

27
Q

Paneth cells found at base of crypts; contain large eosinophilic granules—produce antibacterial proteins called —, and enzymes, including —

A

defensins

lysozyme

28
Q

Small #’s of — cells scattered throughout

A

enteroendocrine (APUD)

29
Q

enteroendocrine cells regulate (2)

A

GI mobility and secretion

30
Q

“S” cells secrete

A

secretin (stimulate release of bicarbonate from pancreas)

31
Q

“I” cells secrete

A

cholecystekinin, or CCK (stimulates pancreatic secretion & contraction of gallbladder)

32
Q

“A” cells secrete

A

glucagon

increase blood sugar

33
Q

“K” cells secrete

A

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

34
Q

MALT located in (2)

A

lamina propria &

submucosa of small intestine

35
Q

MALT contains plasma cells, which sec…

A

IgA

36
Q

Epithelium contains enlarged

A

“M” cells (microfold)

37
Q

Epithelium contains enlarged “M” cells (microfold) —squamoid
enterocytes modified for (2)

A

Ag sampling, uptake of

macromolecules

38
Q

May also see — —,
dome-shaped areas grossly visible
on surface of mucosa, project into
lumen

A

Peyer’s patches

39
Q

duodenum is characterized by presence of

— — in submucosa

A

Brunner’s glands

40
Q

Brunner’s glands contain large numbers of

A

highly convoluted,
branched, tubuloalveolar
submucosal glands

41
Q

Brunner’s glands secrete (2), unique to duodenum

A

mucus and zymogens

42
Q

Main function of duodenum (2),

assisted by pancreas & gallbladder

A

neutralize gastric acid & pepsin

43
Q

Pancreatic duct & bile duct empty into duodenum at

A

major duodenal papilla

44
Q

Chyme from stomach stimulates release of (2) hormones from APUD cells

A

secretin& CCK

45
Q

secretin& CCK both promote section of

A

exocrine pancreas

46
Q

Pancreatic secretions highly alkaline, due to

A

bicarbonate (neutralize stomach acid)

47
Q

CCK also stimulates contraction of gallbladder & release of

A

bile acids

48
Q

bile acids act as

A

emulsifying agents for digestion of lipids, form micelles

49
Q

Pancreatic secretions also contain proteolytic enzymes (2) for digestion of proteins
(+ amylase & lipase)

A

trypsin & chymotrypsin

50
Q

Secreted as inactive precursors (zymogens),

A

trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen

51
Q

Secreted as inactive precursors (zymogens), trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen to prevent —

A

autolysis

52
Q

trypsin activated by —

A

enterokinase

53
Q

trypsin then activates —

A

chymotrypsin

54
Q

two steps of digestion

A

luminal digestion

membrane digestion

55
Q

luminal digestion involves

A

mixing of chyme with

pancreatic enzymes

56
Q

luminal digestion results in

A

molecular breakdown

57
Q

membrane digestion involves

A

enzymes of glycocalyx on plasma membrane of enterocytes

58
Q

Enterocytes synthesize various enzymes,

3) & produce various carrier proteins for absorption of (2

A

peptidases, peptide hydrolases, disaccharidases

carbohydrates & AA’s

Histology (32 decks)

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